ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد بطور تذکرہ نگار
تذکرہ نگاری کا مفہوم
تذکرہ نگاری اُردو شاعری کی روایت کے فروغ کا ایک اہم سنگِ میل رہی ہے۔ اس صنف نے اُردو شاعری کے ساتھ نعتیہ ادب کو بھی احسن طریقے سے محفوظ کرنے کا بیڑا اُٹھایا ہے۔ نعتیہ تذکرہ نگاری میں ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد کا نام درجۂ استناد رکھتا ہے۔ اس سے قبل ضروری ہے کہ تذکرہ نگاری کے لغوی واصطلاحی معانی مرتب کرلیے جائیں۔وارث سرہندی کے مطابق تذکرہ کے معنی ہیں:’’یاد کرنا ، ذکرکر نا، یادگار‘‘( ۱)
سید احمد دہلوی نے فرہنگِ آصفیہ میں تذکرے کے جو معنی بیان کیے ہیں ، وہ بھی ملاحظہ ہوں:
’’یاد داشت ،بیان، یادگار اور سرگزشت‘‘۔( ۲)
پروفیسر ڈاکٹر فرمان فتح پوری ’’تذکرے کو بیاض کی ترقی یافتہ شکل قرار دیتے ہیں۔انھوں نے اپنے مقالے ’’ اردو شعرا کے تذکرے اور تذکرہ نگاری‘‘ میں تذکرہ نگاری کے مفہوم کو واضح انداز میں پیش کیاہے۔ وہ لکھتے ہیں:
’’تذکرہ بیاض سے آگے بڑھ کر نیم تاریخی، نیم تنقیدی اور نیم سوانحی فضا میں داخل ہو گیا۔ وقت اور ماحول کے تقاضوں کے تحت تذکرہ پر ادبی تاریخ ، تنقید اور سوانح نگاری کا رنگ گہرا ہوتاگیا اور رفتہ رفتہ تینوں رنگوں کا یہی آمیزہ جسے حقیقی معنوں میں نہ ادبی تاریخ کا نام دے سکتے ہیں، نہ تنقید کہہ سکتے ہیں اور نہ سوانح نگاری سے تعبیر کر سکتے ہیں، فن قرار پایا اور شعرا کے مختصر حالات ، کلام پر سرسری تبصرہ اور انتخاب اشعار کو اس فن کے عناصر ترکیبی میں شمار کیا گیا۔‘‘(۳)
مذکورہ بالا اقتباس کی روشنی میں ہم کہہ سکتے ہیں کہ تذکرہ ایک شاعر کے مختصر حالات و واقعات اُس کی زندگی کے نمایاں خدوخال اور نمائندہ کلام سے ترتیب پاتا ہے۔ چوں کہ اُردو کے ابتدائی دور میں تنقید نے زیادہ ترقی نہیں کی تھی اس...
It is with profound pleasure that we write this editorial to welcome you to the new journal, “Pakistan Biomedical Journal” (PBMJ), an interdisciplinary international journal. PBMJ has successfully completed its first volume and now its the second volume. We greatly appreciate the response of scientists who have contributed previously and are still contributing to this new journal. The subject of the journal is interesting and we try to address the health related concerns of public and improve the understandingof scientific phenomenons by researchers. Research discoveries are happening at a fast pace, in all the fields and PBMJ provides an ideal forum for exchange of scientific knowledge in terms of full length papers, surveys, reviews, case studies, letters to editor and systematic analysis. PBMJ is committed to publishing all manuscripts receiving a high recommendation from reviewers. The intention of PBMJ is to create space for generation of new knowledge, debate, collaborations among national and international scientists. Our vision is to promote research that will be helpful for knowledge sharing, new discoveries, development of critical thinking among the upcoming scholars, guidance for policy makers, awareness among the concerned community and ultimately benefitting the general population in improving health and fitness at large. It is a matter of pride for us to haveexcellent editorial board members from renowned institutes. We aim to have the best standards of quality of the published manuscripts. With every issue, we are continuously trying to improve the standards. We look forward for more exciting researches and scientific studies from all over the world. We would like to extend a very warm welcome to the readers of PBMJ and hope you will join us as authors, reviewers and editors in future.
This study aimed to explore the application of information and communication technology (ICT) in school management functions and finding the status of the ICT resources at private secondary schools in Karachi, Pakistan. This research explored the understanding of the school stakeholders (principals, administer, finance officer, IT officer and teachers) that how far ICT has assisted to bring improvements in school management and what strategies used to overcome the challenges encountered by the school stakeholders while attaining school management functions (SMFs). The finding revealed that the private secondary schools has installed numerous ICT resources, and the level of ICT integration was intermediary. ICT has encouraged the administration and finance staff to upgrade the existing data management platforms, as it has eased to acquire, store, retrieve large data in just a few clicks, and bring a major shift in the attainment of school management functions like communication, record keeping and reporting. It has also assisted to enforce security and maintain the discipline of school in the form of security CCTV cameras and electronic attendance systems. However, numerous barriers had huge effect on the job performance of the senior stakeholders and efficiency of school management. School stakeholders were quite proficient, who use different strategies to overcome the challenges, where the development of self-sufficient individuals through capacity building sessions was the ultimate goal of school principals. The strategies used to overcome the challenges were found helpful. Overall, ICTs has revolutionized the working environment of school management and improved its efficiency. It is recommended that school management must ensure barrier-free ICT application and arrangement of professional development workshops to enhance the ICT skills. Finally, this study offers empirical evidences to the schools and suggests ways to implement appropriate strategies to overcome the challenges and help them to ensure barrier-free ICT application in the school management.