مكاتیب رسول اور عربی خط نویسی

Islam has borne a deep and lasting impact on all aspects of human life. Inevitably language, which is a crucial factor in the build-up of society, has also been re-vitalized and re-invigorated by Islam. It was Arabia where Islam dawned its early rays, hence it is the Arabic language that got evolved under the revolutionary spirit of Islam. This deep impact has been caused through the two basic sources of Islam i. e. Quran and Hadith. Since our focus is Hadith, hence we shall talk on the impact of Hadith on the Arabic language. Hadith has a lasting influence on the Arabic language, its literature, and the various genres of the Arabic literature. The topmost among these diverse genres that dramatically evolved under the impact of Islam is 'letter writing'. The genre of letter writing has been passing through its evolutionary stages before the Prophet-hood of Muhammad (S. A. W) . Yet the clarity and style that it adopted; the purposefulness that it aspired and opted for; and its utility as an important official correspondence document all happened in the hands of our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) . In short, it turned into a regular genre of literature. Letter-writing owes deeply to the life infusing spirit of our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) for its lay-out and design, its aim and purpose, and basic features. Our Holy Prophet (S. A. W) left a lasting impact on the letter writing that shall always be a source of inspiration for the faithful.

Invigorating Inter-Domain Routing Using Software Defined Networking

Versatile applications over the Internet are producing unprecedented volume of data, flowing across the independently managed networking domains. Requirement of reliable communication, with better throughput and moderate latency, encourages Internet Service Providers to increase peering relationships with its immediate neighbors and beyond. Growing number of peering participants over emerging Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) highlights the significance of topological arrangement across the domains. IXPs are not only simplifying peering mesh of neighboring domains but also flattening the Internet topology from hierarchical structures over the course of time. Recent research works reveal the average edge multiplicity between IXPs more than four edges and entire range of IPv4 prefixes reachable through IXPs interconnection. Moreover, IXPs are adopting Software Define Networking (SDN) driven switching fabric, a trend that is becoming prominent with Toulouse, France and Tokyo, Japan Internet exchanges being clear case examples. In iii iv this thesis, we propose an architecture that interconnects SDN driven switching fabric of IXPs and exploit edge multiplicity between them to provision services across domains for the IXP peering participants. Traffic Engineering steered and policy compliant appropriate multiple paths are searched in a joint fashion to deploy at the IXPs switching fabric. We demonstrate that our proposal helps to achieve communication reliability across the domains with better network performance parameters like 54.60% increase in throughput.