فلسفہ نماز اور مکافات عمل

Prayer [al-Ṣalāh] is the second most important pillar of Islām. This is the ritual which is supposed to be offered by all the Muslims, who come of age and are sane, regardless of their status and wealth. Following the acceptance of Islām, offering Prayer is the foremost obligation of a Muslim, which is considered the prime manifestation and the testimony of his or her practical submission to Allāh and His religion, Islām. Faith in Allāh is the foundation of Islām, in the same way, Prayer is the practical foundation of Islām. Therefore, the Prophet (S. A. W) laid stress on the significance of Prayer, the most. Only those, who are steadfast in their Prayers and safeguard them are really aware of its importance, and only they can expect from Allāh to give them their reward, thus, they are the true believers. The importance and reality of Prayer can be understood only by that person who is well aware of this relation between man and Allāh and only he can feel its true spiritual pleasure. The effects of Prayer are prominently visible in the daily life of Muslims. The history of Prayer is as old as the religion itself. Its concept has been a part of all the religions, however, they have different ways to perform it. In this paper, the author explores the Islamic academic sources to ascertain the importance and the status of Prayer in Islām. Also, he explores its history, the tidings and remuneration of Prayer and of the rites and rituals belonging to it, e. G., Mosque, Āzān, Iqāmat, Rukū‘ (to bow down), Prostration, Maintenance of Ranks, etc.

Propagation of Different Stochastic Frameworks for Modeling, Forecasting and Spatial Analysis of Drought Hazard

This thesis develops various stochastic strategies and provides amalgamations of various data-driven techniques in uni variate, multivariate and spatio-temporal settings. Some important applications from the field of hydrology are provided. These applications are purely related the effective use of uni-variate and multivariate time series data particularly for drought management and hydrological process control. Due to global warming, the risk of drought has been increased in several regions of the world. Therefore, continuous monitoring, prediction, and spatial characterization of drought from precise and accurate procedures play very important role for effective drought mitigation policies. In this perspective, this thesis presents seven major proposals which cover continuous monitoring, forecasting and spatial characterization of drought hazards. In uni variate setting, this thesis proposed one drought index: the Probabilistic Weighted Joint Aggregative Drought Index (PWJADI), and a new weighting scheme for weighted Markov chain model. Both of these methods are carried out with their applications on various meteorological stations of Pakistan. Outcomes associated with this research show that the proposed methods can effectively handle uni-variate time series data for drought monitoring and short-term prediction. In multivariate setting, we proposed three frameworks under spatial and regional settings. First framework is purely application based where we considered the problem of multi-scaling characteristics and the choice of best time scale for regional monitoring of drought. In this work, we investigated appropriate time scale of Standardized Precipitation Temperature Index (SPTI) Ali et al. (2017a) drought index using geo-reference points of meteorological stations. In the secii ond work, we developed a novel regionalized drought monitoring framework which requires minimal drought monitoring stations by clustering meteorological stations. Here, we introduced transition probability matrix based k-mean procedure for the identification of homogenous drought characterization regions. Our results lead towards minimal use of resources. The third framework presents a novel way to accumulate decisions of important time scales, where the transition probabilities of drought classes were used as a weight for each time scale. Here, we supported our rationale by including the investigations which are our key results in the two preceding frameworks. Our results suggest that, the proposed framework can be effectively used for efficient and accurate drought monitoring. In further study, we introduce a novel ensemble procedure for the comparison of drought indices. Here, we proposed a new framework: the Drought Intensity Pattern Determinate (DIPD) by developing and configuring a new index of drought pattern recognition-the Drought Concentration Index (DCI). Application of the proposed procedure is provided by incorporating three drought indices and fifty two meteorological stations of Pakistan. Our results indicate that, the proposed procedure is flexible to define pattern of drought severity and able to compare drought indices under regional setting. In addition, we introduced a new generalized non-parametric framework for handling uncertainty associated with extreme events. Numerical and graphical findings of this study show that the use of only one distribution has a greater risk of inaccurate reporting of extreme events. Moreover, non-optimization of several probability distributions may create a chaotic situation for general drought practitioners. However, to reduce the error for accurate reporting of extreme events, probabiliii ity plotting position formulas are good candidates. Finally, the study suggests improvements in the time series data of rainfall before its deployments in the statistical model. In this regards, we propagate a new drought index named: the Precision Weighted Standardized Precipitation Index (PWSDI). Outcomes associated with this part of the research show that improve time series data are good candidates for modeling and monitoring hydrological drought with more precision under regional settings.