نولکھی کوٹھی
’’نولکھی کوٹھی‘‘علی اکبر ناطق کا ناول ہے۔یہ ناول تاریخ پہ لکھی گئی ایک کہانی ہے کیونکہ تاریخی کہانی ہے اس لیے اس ناول کے سارے کردار روایتی ہیں اور تقسیم ہند پر لکھے جانے والے بے شمار ناولوں میں یہ ممکن نہیں ہے کہ ان کے تاریخی واقعات کو بدلہ جا سکے۔ ناول میں مرکزی حیثیت ولیم کو حاصل ہے جو ایک انگریز ہے۔یہی اس ناول کی خاصیت ہے کہ ولیم جو کہ ایک انگریز ہے اور اپنی اس کوٹھی جس پہ اس ناول کا عنوان ہے’’نولکھی کوٹھی‘‘کا مقیم ہے۔ ہندوستانی کہلوانے اور اس سرزمین سے خود کو جوڑ کر رکھنے کی ان تھک کوشش کرتا رہتا ہے۔جس کیلئے وہ وہاں کے رہائشیوں کے لیے بھی بے شمار ایسی خدمات سر انجام دیتا رہتا ہے جن سے ان کی زندگی میں آسانیاں رہیں لیکن اس کی وطن سے محبت کو اس کی زمین کے لیے خدمت کو ہمیشہ شک کی نظر سے دیکھا جاتا ہے۔’’ولیم‘‘یہاں سرکاری افسر بھی تھا۔ اس کی شریک حیات جس کو بہت چاہتا ہے اور امید رکھتا ہے کہ وہ ہمیشہ اس کا ساتھ دے گی۔وہ بھی اس مشکل گھڑی میں اس کا ساتھ چھوڑ جاتی ہے اور ولیم اکیلا ہندوستان میں رہ جاتا ہے، بالآخر زندگی کی جنگ ہار جاتا ہے اوراپنی پہچان نہیں بنا پاتا۔علی اکبرناطق نو لکھی کوٹھی میں یوں رقمطراز ہیں :
’’آج میں پھر ان ٹھنڈی ہواؤں کا لطف لیتے ہوئے غیر ارادی طور پر اس طرف بڑھ رہا تھا جیسے ہی اس کوٹھی پر پہنچا وہاں اور ہی رنگ تھے۔مغلیوں کے بچے صحن میں اچھل کود کر رہے تھے۔ذرا غور کیا تو پتا چلا کہ وہاں کوئی اور ہی خاندان آباد ہے۔میں نے جائزہ لینے کے لیے بھر پور نظر ماری لیکن مجھے ولیم نظر...
The set of formal legal institutions that collectively constitute a “government”or a “state” form the basis of what we call “Political System”. Democracy, one of the institutions withiun the present day political scenario, is a system of processing conflicts in which the outcomes depend on what the opinion of majority of the participants is. In such a process, no single force or group can control what occurs unless they can prove their majority. The primary problem with the world politics in today’s world is not much different to what it has been over the centuries - it is controlled by people who are generally incapable of envisioning a system of just government that could address the broader problems faced by humanity and that which could think beyond the immediate scene. Nothing about our world will change until we acknowledge this reality and that the quality of life depends on more than a mere establishment of rules by which to live and carry out commerce. It requires an understanding of the universal issues that are not yet considered as a part of the better human condition by most governments of our time. Politicians always have, focussed on the tangible issues of the physical social structure while being oblivious to the fact that such a framework can be no more useful in improving the human condition than is the altruistic value of the foundation on which it is built. In this paper, the existing democratic political system has been thoroughly analyzed in accordance with the seerah of our beloved messengerﷺ.
Nigella sativa meal is a byproduct obtained after oil extraction that contains appreciable amount of protein. In the current exploration, characterization, extraction and bioevaluation of Nigella sativa meal protein isolates were conducted to develop protein enriched cookies. The protein isolates were prepared through different methods i.e. isoelectric precipitation, micellization and enzymatic extraction. The highest protein yield 79.69±0.70% was estimated in enzymatic protein isolates (EPI) followed by 64.65±0.64% in isoelectric precipitation (IPI) whilst, the lowest output 46.40±0.47% was noticed in micellized protein isolates (MPI). Furthermore, resultant isolates were evaluated for their functional properties. In this context, the highest bulk density was recorded for EPI followed by IPI and MPI. Conversely, the maximum water absorption capacity was observed in IPI trailed by EPI and MPI nonetheless, higher oil absorption was noticed for EPI. The foaming capacity (FC) was highest in IPI followed by EPI and MPI. Likewise, maximum emulsion capacity (60.74± 0.61%) was observed in EPI. The SDS-PAGE depicted that meal protein isolates had protein bands in the range of 6.5 to 116 kDa. Quantification of essential and non-essential amino acid was also carried out with reference profile. Amongst essential amino acids, the maximum lysine content (38.75±0.38 mg/100g) was observed in EPI followed by MPI (34.04±0.34 mg/100g) whilst, IPI had the lowest lysine concentration (29.33±0.29 mg/100g). The protein scores were 65.43, 53.27 & 55.14 for EPI, IPI and MPI, respectively. Additionally, the maximum PDCAAS 82.25±1.56% was noticed in EPI followed by MPI 80.21±1.13% whereas, the minimum scores 73.75±1.54% for IPI during the session 2010-11. Afterwards, bioevaluation trial was carried out through growth and nitrogen balance study parameters. The maximum protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR) and relative net protein ratio (RNPR) were observed in EPI followed by IPI and MPI, respectively for the year 2010-11. Similarly, nitrogen balance study parameters expounded the highest true digestibility (TD), biological value (BV) & net protein utilization (NPU) in EPI trailed by IPI. Similar trend for growth and nitrogen balance studies was noticed during the 2 nd year. On the basis of overall yield, functional properties and bioevaluation, one best protein isolate namely EPI was selected for cookies preparation. For the purpose, composite blends were formulated and analyzed for chemical and rheological properties i.e. mixographic and farinographic characteristics. Afterwards, the protein enriched cookies were analyzed for physicochemical characteristics, amino acid profile and hedonic response. On the basis of compiled data for these traits, it is concluded that cookies (T 3 ) prepared by 15% supplementation of enzymatically extracted protein isolates (EPI) of Nigella sativa meal performed better and has potential to address the menace of protein energy malnutrition.