قرون وسطی میں مصر سے ملتان تک قرامطہ کے سیاسی و مذہبی اثرات

With the decline of strong Muslim Khilafate various sectarian based movements proved a serious danger for the Muslim world. Qramtah movement was most famous among them. During the latter period of Abbassid Khila-fate, Qaramtah appeared very strongly. They had a strong hold in different part of Islamic state. Bahrin was their strong head quarter and then they spread all around in state especially in rural areas. They defeated a large and powerful army of Khalifa with a small army severl time. Qramtah killed a millions of innocent Muslims. They captured Makkah and disgrced “Bait Ullah” and banned Hajj for almost 20 years. They propagated their philosophy and beliefs in all over the Muslim world by force. Qramtah also established a strong government in Multan after the departure of Muhammad bin Qasim. Jalam bin Shaban was a famous Qramtian ruler of Multan In 1004 A.D. When Mehmood Ghaznavi came in Multan at that time Abul Fatih Dawud Qramti was the ruler of Multan Mehmood arrested him and destroyed the power of Qramtah in Multan. Qramtah continued serious unrest in Islamic world for four centuries. This movement effected badly the Muslim world and they have become politically weak against their political rival Christianity.    

Facilitating Social Studies Teachers to Use Issue Based Enquiry in a Government School

This action research project aims to facilitate social studies teachers in government school to develop their pedagogical skill, especially the use of issue-based inquiry as an instructional strategy in teaching and learning of Social Studies. This study was conducted in Class 7th of one of the government school of Karachi, Pakistan. In doing so, the action research also aimed to improve the knowledge and skills as a teacher educator facilitating teachers of Social Studies. This action research involved the process of formulating a general idea, conducting reconnaissance, making a general plan of action, implementing, and evaluating it, using the cyclical process of action research. The data were collected through use of: semi-structured interviews, classroom observation, document analysis, field-notes, and feedback of my research participants. The data were qualitatively analyzed on an ongoing basis to inform each subsequent step of action and reflection. The findings of the study suggest that teachers can learn the instructional strategy of issued based inquiry, by going through different phases, such as: reading the relevant literature and engaging in discussion about enquiry with teacher and teacher educator, self-experiencing the process through conducting small-scale inquiry, demonstration of lesson by a mentor, putting their learning's into practice, receiving peer-feedback and constant follow-up by the teacher educator. The study also shows that a teacher educator can be an effective facilitator (in this regard) by: becoming self-reflective, balancing his/her role as a teacher educator and action researcher within the time frame of the study and seeking feedback from research participants. In the process, a teacher educator can face challenges such as: his own time-constraint for keeping balance in his role of action and research, as a teacher educator and action researcher.