کسی شخص کی جان کے خلاف کوئی جرم ہوا ہو ، تو پوری مماثلت کے ساتھ قصاص لیا جا سکتا ہے۔ اس کی دو اقسام ہیں:
1۔جان کے بدلے جان کا قصاص
جان کو قتل یا ختم کرنے والے کو ویسی ہی سزا دیں گے ۔ ایک شخص نے دوسرے کا قتل کر دیا۔ آپ قصاص میں اسے قتل کر دیں، جیسا کہ ارشاد باری تعالیٰ ہے
﴿وَكَتَبْنَا عَلَيْهِمْ فِيهَا أَنَّ النَّفْسَ بِالنَّفْسِ﴾158
"اور لکھ دیا ہم نے ان پر اس کتاب میں کہ جان کے بدلے جان کا (قتل ہے) "
احادیث کی روشنی میں درج ذیل اعضاء کا قصاص لیا جائے گا۔ جان کے بدلے جان کا خاتمہ
"عَنْ أَنَسٍ: أَنَّ يَهُودِيًّا رَضَّ رَأْسَ جَارِيَةٍ بَيْنَ حَجَرَيْنِ، فَقِيلَ لَهَا: مَنْ فَعَلَ بِكِ، أَفُلاَنٌ أَوْ فُلاَنٌ،حَتَّى سُمِّيَ اليَهُودِيُّ، فَأَوْمَأَتْ بِرَأْسِهَا، فَجِيءَ بِهِ، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ حَتَّى اعْتَرَفَ، «فَأَمَرَ النَّبِيُّ ﷺفَرُضَّ رَأْسُهُ بِالحِجَارَةِ "159
" حضرت انس فرماتے ہیں کہ ایک یہودی نے ایک لڑکی کا سر پتھر پر پتھر رکھ کر کچل ڈالا ۔ لڑکی سے پوچھا گیا کہ تجھے کس نے مارا ہے ؟ فلاں نے یا فلاں نے ؟ جب اس کے سامنے یہودی کا نام لیا گیا تو لڑکی نے سر کے اشارے سے یہودی کی نشاندہی کی یہودی کو رسول اللہﷺ کی خدمت میں لایا گیا اس نے جرم کا اعتراف کیا ۔ اور آپ ﷺ کے حکم سے اس یہودی کاسر پتھر سے کچل دیا گیا ۔ "
2۔عضو کے بدلے عضو کا قصاص
قتل کرنے کے علاوہ کسی عضو کے کاٹنے پر بھی قصاص ہے۔اگر ایک شخص نے کسی کی ناک، کان کاٹا یا آنکھ نکالی تو بدلے میں دوسرے شخص کی ناک ، کان کاٹا یا آنکھ نکالی جا سکتی ہے،جیسا کہ ارشاد باری ہے
﴿وَالْعَيْنَ بِالْعَيْنِ وَالْأَنْفَ بِالْأَنْفِ وَالْأُذُنَ بِالْأُذُنِ وَالسِّنَّ بِالسِّنِّ وَالْجُرُوحَ قِصَاصٌ ﴾160
"اور آنکھ کے...
Human cloning has emerged as a new and innovative technology in the reproductive and therapeutic science in the recent past. So far it has not been practiced over human beings but owing to its huge potential and possible scope, it has attracted the attention of not only the masses (particularly the infertile couples and LGBTQs etc) but the other stakeholders including the religious scholars from worlds’ prominent religions have given their views on this technology in order to guide their followers. This paper examines and reviews the religious points of view on human cloning. For this purpose, three Semitic religions in the world i-e Judaism, Christianity, and Islām have been examined. As far as Islam is concerned, this portion has been divided into two broad sections elaborating the Shī‘ah and Sunnī schools’ opinions. Being an innovative topic, the religious teachings do not address it directly hence the injunctions related to the reproduction are most relevant to it. Three Semitic religions have been examined from the perspective of admissibility or non-admissibility of human cloning, the rationale behind the verdict on human cloning and the possible solutions to the issues and problems faced by the followers in the case of acceptance or rejection of this biomedical technology. Most of the religions emphasize over adaptability of the natural mode of reproduction only, where male and female genders contribute to the reproductive cycle. The Semitic religions reject the reproductive cloning generally. The religious experts need to conduct more focused and updated research before coming to any conclusion about the permissibility or non-permissibility of this technique.
This thesis primarily addresses the systematic modification of polyamides, poly(amide- imide)s, polyimides and polyurethanes to yield high performance poly(thiourea-amide)s, poly(thiourea-amide-imide)s, imide)s, poly(thiourea-ether-imide)s, poly(urethane-thiourea)s, poly(phenylthiourea-azomethine- poly(urethane-thiourea-imide)s and poly(urethane- azomethine-thiourea)s. The foremost goal of current research is the structural modification of polymers exploiting the synthetic chemistry to attain excellent solubility via slightly disrupting polymer chain regularity and packing. Various synthetic schemes were developed for the inclusion of thiourea moieties along with other desired linkages in these polymers. The designed monomers (dinitro, diamines, dicarboxylic acids, diacid chlorides, diols and diisocyanates) bearing pre-formed linkages were then synthesized and employed for the preparation of novel thiourea-based polymeric materials. The incorporation of different functional groups provides an opportunity to control certain physical properties such as solvent miscibility, η inh , crystallinity, molecular weight, thermal stability and flame retardancy of the resulting polymers. The effect of thiourea and other functional groups on the properties of newly synthesized polymers were scrutinized together with their structure-property relationship. Major tools utilized for the examination of polymer properties are FTIR, 1 H NMR, solubility, viscometry, GPC, TGA, DSC and XRD. Novel thiourea-based polymers demonstrated outstanding thermal stability without deteriorating their organosolubility or processability. Another objective of the work was to evaluate the expedient applications and potential relevance of these valuable high-performance materials for advanced technologies. The processable poly(thiourea-amide)s, poly(thiourea- amide-imide)s, poly(thiourea-ether-imide)s and poly(urethane-azomethine-thiourea)s were found to have superior thermal stability as well as non-flammability. Poly(phenylthiourea-azomethine- imide)s having C=S and –C=N– moieties can act as imminent contenders to fabricate certain electrically conducting materials. Poly(thiourea-amide)s, in addition to the excellent solubility and thermal resistance, can be employed as solid extracting phases for the elimination of environmentally toxic metal ions from aqueous media. Prior to this effort, reported in peer- reviewed journals, synthesis of high temperature polymers bearing C=S entity was an unexplored area. Easy processability, high molar mass, heat and flame stability, electrical conductivity, etc, depict their high adaptability in future, rendering them backbone materials in polymer science.