Preface
Each time one reads the Quran his or her understanding deepens. One may be blessed to have a command of the Arabic language and read the Quran in the language exactly as revealed from Allah to the Prophet through the Angel Gabriel. However, for most Muslims around the world, even if we know Arabic, the beauty and depth of the Quran eludes us. Therefore, we often rely on the tafseer (explanation) and translations to help us gain an understanding to guide us in our lives. Brother Hashemi continues from his previous works to carefully delineate in the translated text which words or phrases are a mere translation and which few words or phrases were added for easier reading and understanding.
As a revert to Islam, and a humble but imperfect follower of the teachings of Prophet Mohamed, I tried to learn from authenticated sources: The Quran, The Hadiths (substantiated sayings of the Prophet), and Sunnah (practices of the Prophet as witnessed from endorsed sources). Having information does not make someone knowledgeable. Even with authentic sources readily available, it takes a lifetime of study to consolidate the information into knowledge. And, being knowledgeable does not necessarily mean one uses this knowledge to guide one’s life. However, with works like those produced by Brother Badr Hashemi, we can become that much closer to understanding the body of knowledge and incorporating that knowledge in our daily lives.
Allah used his messengers to relay His message to humans and jinn (unseen creation) in order to guide us. The last messenger, Prophet Mohamed was given the final and irrevocable message to mankind, the Quran. It was revealed in the language spoken by the Prophet and the people of Arabia. The Quran confirms...
Islam is a complete code of life which provides complete guidance in all aspects of human life. The discipline of economics was given particular importance in Islam as most of the human activities revolved around it that could also be seen practically around the globe. The major responsibility of under taking the financial matters was laid on men according to teachings of Islam. The core purpose of this academic work was to explore the Islamic view point about the woman economic activities. The study was basically designed to address that whether Islam permitted women to take part in economic affairs or not? The article provided a guideline for cotemporary women in the light of economic activities of Ṣaḥābiyāt that how the today’s women could take part into various domains of financial matters by keeping in view the life and economic activities of Ṣaḥābiyāt. The descriptive and analytical research methodology was employed for the collection and analysis of data. The review of literature revealed that men were primarily responsible for economic matters, however women could do the job by following the instruction of Islamic teachings. It was also found that the women could actively take part in various economic fields including; trade, agriculture, medical science, and education. In the light of above findings the research recommended that Government should take some serious measures by making economic arrangements and providing Islamic environment for work in order to accommodate the needy, poor, widows and oppressed women of society. On one hand, it would be beneficial for the financial support of their family while on the other hand, enhance the production of country. Finally it must be kept in view that family system should not be ruined due to job of a woman.
Some ferrocenyl amides were synthesized by the solution phase condensation reaction of 4-ferrocenyl benzoyl chloride and 4-ferrocenyl aniline with organic amine and acid chloride derivatives respectively. A series of semi aromatic amine derivatives with variable alkyl chain at one end was prepared in a three step process which was condensed with 4-ferrocenyl benzoyl chloride resulting in the formation of ferrocene derivatives with two amide bonds. Another series with a single amide bond was prepared by the condensation of 4-ferrocenyl aniline with n-alkyl acid chloride derivatives of different chain length. The third series of ferrocenyl amides was synthesized by the reaction of 4-alkoxy benzoyl chloride and 4-ferrocenyl aniline to get seven compounds with variable alkoxy chain. The fourth and final series was prepared by using 4-(4- alkoxy phenyl) benzoyl chloride derivative to condense with 4-ferrocenyl aniline and five products bearing different alkoxy end groups were obtained. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by their physical properties, elemental analysis, FTIR and 1 H/ 13 CNMR spectroscopic techniques for the structure elucidation. The crystals of some organic intermediates were also developed and studied for the single crystal XRD structural factors. A strong intermolecular H-bonding was confirmed for the secondary amide groups present within all the molecules of the intermediates and final products by spectroscopic and XRD techniques. These secondary types of forces are pre-requisite for a compound to interact with the bio molecules such as DNA by developing some intermolecular forces between the two. Therefore, the synthesized nitroaromatic compounds and their amine derivatives along with ferrocenyl amides were studied for the DNA-binding properties by using UV visible spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetric techniques. The DNA-interactional behaviour of organic intermediates was also supported by the docking studies leading to the conformation of bonding modes that are accessible. Ferrocenyl amides and nitroaromatic compounds were investigated for their electrochemical properties and the redox mechanism involved for the both was suggested using cyclic voltammetric methods. The melting point behavior of the synthesized materials was also depictive of their mesomorphic nature, so the selected compounds were studied for the metallomesogenic properties using DSC and POM techniques. The phase transition temperatures and the heat changes associated with different transitions were evaluated for the thermodynamic behavior of the materials and texture of the iiiAbstract mesophases were studied by POM at different temperatures. The thermotropic liquid crystalline nature of the synthesized compounds was found to have some relationship with the structure of molecules which was further evaluated by the theoretical calculations of the rigid and flexible part lengths of molecules by using PM6 method. The effect of alkyl and alkoxy chain lengths on the electrochemical, DNA-binding and liquid crystalline properties were studied in detail and found to influence the properties in following order; liquid crystalline > electrochemical > DNA-binding properties. In fact, it has no effect on DNA-binding strength as alkyl chain is not being actively involved in the binding process.