MANAGEMENT OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) and COLLABORATIVE TEAMS

Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition related to the development of the brain that can lead to persistent challenges with socialization, restricted interests, and repeated behaviour. Diagnosis for ASD is used as a basis of DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder) produced by American Psychiatric Association. ASD is observed in children during early years of life and significantly affects an individual’s wellbeing. Autism has remained a mystery for many specialists and researchers  for years. Although the cause of autism is still unknown, a number of strategies have been developed that have helped so many people around the world to live independently. So far there are no authentic facts for ASD prevalence in Pakistan however the statistics is roughly calculated from South Asia that ASD might be as common in Pakistan as somewhere else around the world. In a country like Pakistan where Autism is still a new phenomenon especially in rural areas, we have very restricted qualified human resources to provide a reliable rehabilitation service for a child with ASD and their family. Apart from that due to inadequate awareness exposure, knowledge, and incompetency in diagnosis, these children go undiagnosed and are mishandled.

Pakistan-Iran Relations Since 2005-2015 : Political and Economic Dimensions

The aim of thesis is to examine Pakistan-Iran relations in the context of changing world scenario since 2001. The major focus will the period since 2005 to 2015. Both countries are agreed and interested in strengthen of economic, political, social and cultural relationship but there are some internal and external elements involved which are hurdle to reach at destination. There are many common interests like trade, global peace, and border safety, national and political integrity. But unfortunately Drug Trafficking, smuggling and illegal arms are seen on common border. Low volume of trade and low economic relations are seen. It is one of the basic reasons of weak relationship between the two countries. Both countries have stronger sympathetic relations. Both countries have helped to each other in natural disasters like earthquake and floods in Pakistan. Both countries have a longstanding history of cordial bilateral relations. Thesis will explore the dynamics of relations between both countries since 2005 to 2015. It will not only help to understand the internal but external challenges which both countries are facing. War on terror and US influence toward Pakistan effected these relations, while these relations were strong in past. Terrorism and sectarianism will also be discussed that how these two factors effected the relations of two neighboring countries. Jundullah and other terrorists groups should be stopped to deal with other issues. India and Saudi Arab has also given hard way to Pakistan and Iran in this period. Cooperation in energy sector, bilateral trade, Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline project and many other options can enhance these relations in future.