Pedagogical Approach for Effective Teaching of English Language in Nigerian Secondary Schools

This paper examined the pedagogical approaches to the teacher  learning of English language in Nigerian secondary  schools. However, the paper identified the concepts and types of pedagogical approaches. The factors affecting pedagogical approach for effective teaching and learning of English language. It was therefore concluded that the most effective pedagogical approach for the teaching-learning process of English language is the use of child centredness approach, activity oriented prorgamme it was therefore recommended that teachers should be curriculum. It was noted that  effective use of pedagogical approach enhances effective teaching learning of English language especially in Nigerian secondary schools.

Processing and Microstructure-Property Microstructure Property Relationship of Low Temperature Environment-Friendly Environment Friendly Piezoelectric Materials

Lead-based electro ceramics like PZT are the most commercially used as sensors, actuators and transducers due to their excellent electromechanical response, however The environmental concerns and the legislation imposed on hazardous materials, lead is considered toxic and its use is banned for many applications. Therefore the alternative lead free electroceramics have become the focus of research in both industry and academia. In our present work among the several families of lead-free, we will focus on the bismuth-based ferroelectric ceramics due to their excellent piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties. In brief this thesis we will emphasize on the improvement of ferroelectric and field-induced strain properties of BNKT-LS ceramic system by different alovilent and isovalent B-site substitutions. The effect of zirconium (Zr+4), niobium (Nb+5) and tantalum (Ta+5) substitution for the B-site in the host perovskite unit cell on the dielectric, electromechanical and piezoelectric properties of lead-free 0.99[Bi1/2(Na0.82K0.18)1/2TiO3]-0.01LiSbO3 (BNKT-LS) piezoceramics has been investigated. The ternary BNKT-LS system was synthesized using low temperature conventional solid state reaction method. Crystal structure, dielectric, ferroelectric and field-induced strain behavior of Zr modified lead-free 0.99[Bi1/2(Na0.82K0.18)1/2(Ti1-xZrx) O3]-0.01LiSbO3 (BNKTZ-LS) ceramics were investigated in composition range x = 0 - 0.040. XRD patterns revealed the formation of pure perovskite phase with no apparent structural phase transition with pseudo cubic symmetry for the compositions at low concentration of dopants although there were some traces of secondary phases at higher concentrations. The temperature-dependent dielectric peaks of the BNKTZ-LS ceramics broadened and ferroelectric polarizations decreased with increasing Zr concentration. Ferroelectric and bipolar field induced-strain curves indicated a disruption of ferroelectric order upon Zr addition into BNKT-LS ceramics. This destabilization of the ferroelectric order was accompanied by an enhanced field-induced strain. A high field-induced strain (S = 0.30%) with a normalized strain (d*33 = Smax/Emax = 500 pm/V) was observed at an applied electric field of 6 kV/mm at x = 0.020. The Ta-modified 0.99[(Bi0.82Na18)TiO3-(Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3]- 0.01LiSbO3 (BNKTT-LS) piezoceramics were also synthesized by a conventional solid-state reaction method. The effect of Ta addition into the BNKT-LS ceramics were studied through X-ray diffraction, dielectric, temperature dependent ferroelectric and field-induced strain characterizations. As the Ta content was increased, the maximum dielectric constant as well as the depolarization temperature (Td) decreased. The polarization and strain hysteresis loops indicate that the addition of Ta significantly disrupts the ferroelectric order of the BNKT-LS ceramics leading to a degradation of the remnant 14 polarization and coercive field. However, the destabilization of the ferroelectric order is accompanied by a significant enhancement in the unipolar strain. A large unipolar field-induced strain of 0.38% with a normalized (d*33 = Smax/Emax = 650 pm/V) at a driving field of 6 kV/mm was obtained at room temperature for x = 0.013. This significant strain enhancement is a result of the reversible phase transition between a NP phase in a zero field and a field-induced ferroelectric phase. Finally the effect of Nb-substitution on the dielectric, electromechanical and piezoelectric properties of Pb-free 0.99[Bi1/2(Na0.82K0.18)1/2Ti1-xNbxO3]-0.01LiSbO3 (BNKT-LS) piezoelectric ceramics has been investigated. X- ray diffraction analysis reveals pseudo-cubic symmetry for the compositions with x = 0 - 0.030. Both the dielectric constant εr and depolarization temperature Td decreased with an increase in Nb content. An analysis of the electric field induced polarization and strain hysteresis loops indicated that Nb substitution disrupted the long range ferroelectric order of BNKT-LS ceramics. This degraded the remnant polarization, coercive field and piezoelectric coefficient d33 while the electric field induced strain increased (peaked at x=0.015) to 0.43% corresponding to a normalized strain (d33* = 614 pm/V) at a deriving field of 7 kV/mm. This abnormal strain enhancement may be attributed to the reversible phase transition between the polar and non-polar phases. At high Nb concentrations, BNKNb-LS ceramics shows a typical relaxor behavior. So for all dopants the increase in concentration results in a decrease in the maximum dielectric constant as well as the depolarization temperature Td, the disruption of the long range ferroelectric order, the degradation of remnant polarization, coercive field and piezoelectric coefficient d33. This was also accompanied by enhancement in the electric field induced strain. This abnormal strain enhancement could be attributed to a reversible phase transition between polar and non-polar phase for all systems. For high doping level BNKT-LS ceramics showed a typical relaxor behaviour.