مفتی انتظام اﷲ شہابی
مفتی انتظام اﷲ صاحب شہابی مصنف یاادیب نہیں، لکھنے کی مشین تھے۔ بہت لکھتے تھے اور جلد لکھتے تھے۔ بلامبالغہ سینکڑوں مضامین ومقالات اورایک درجن سے زیادہ کتابیں ان کی قلمی یادگار ہیں۔ ان کا اصل فن تاریخ نگاری تھا لیکن مذہب، تصوّف اورادب وشعر کامیدان بھی ان کے رہوارِ قلم کی جو لانگاہ تھا۔ آگرہ جواُن کا مولد اوروطن اصلی تھا، اس کی علمی ،ادبی اورسیاسی تاریخ سے ان کوخاص دلچسپی تھی۔بُرہان اورندوۃ المصنفین سے ان کو دلی تعلق اور لگاؤ تھا۔ ۴۹ء کے شروع میں راقم الحروف کے کلکتہ چلے جانے کے بعد چند مہینوں تک مرحوم بُرہان کی ادارت سے وابستہ بھی رہے تھے۔اب ادہر چند مہینوں سے بتقاضائے عمر ان میں ضعف واضمحلال بہت زیادہ پیدا ہوگیاتھا۔ لیکن اس پربھی کچھ نہ کچھ لکھتے پڑھتے رہتے تھے۔ طبعاً بڑے خوش مزاج اور شریف وبااخلاق انسان تھے۔ اس کا افسوس عمر بھر رہے گا کہ پچھلے دنوں نظیراکبر آبادی پرایک مقالہ لکھنے کی فرمائش کے سلسلہ میں آگے پیچھے ان کے دو خط بڑے شدید تقاضہ اور اصرار کے آئے لیکن مصروفیتوں کے باعث تعمیل نہ ہوسکی۔اﷲ تعالیٰ دونوں کو مغفرت وبخشش کی نعمتوں سے سرفراز فرمائے ۔آمین [اکتوبر ۱۹۶۸ء]
There are rulings for both Muslims and non-Muslims in Islām whereby Muslims are bound to act and deal with the nonMuslims according to those teachings. There are numerous books authored in classical and modern times that include all such details of dealing with the different categories and of nonMuslims. It is therefore incumbent on Muslims to follow all such jurisprudential guidelines in all times and places. Although the application and employment methods of these legislations may vary in modern times but Islām has clearly stipulated its objectives and expectations that every Muslim pledges to fulfill in all times. In this paper, in stead of mentioning the jurisprudential details and discussions regarding building temples and religious places on non-Muslims in Muslim lands, only those verses of the Qur’ān and the Aḥādīth are mentioned that are basis for all such jurisprudential discussions. Numerous Qur’ānic verses and Prophetic traditions along with the consensus of companions and scholars are compiled in this paper to clarify the rightful stance in this regard.
In this study, a number of compounds in the Ho2(ZryTi1-y)2O7 pyrochlore system, which undergoes an order-disorder structural transition from pyrochlore to a defect-fluorite type, were investigated. The materials were processed by mechanical milling, followed by a two-step sintering route. The structure was analyzed via Rietveld refinements using neutron powder diffraction (NPD) data, and further supported by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify the phases and determine the composition of the pyrochlore-fluorite transformation boundary at room temperature. The NPD refinement and XRD results show that compositions with 0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.5 crystallized into a pyrochlore structure while the ones with 0.7 ≤ y ≤ 1.0 crystallized into the defect-fluorite structure. The composition with y=0.6 was found to be a two phase (pyrochlore and defect-fluorite) mixture. Neutron refinement results confirmed that the cation disorder was independent of the anion Frenkel disorder and also the degree of Frenkel disorder O(1)-O(3) was different from the O(2)-O(3) anion disorder. The relation between x-parameter and anion Frenkel disorder was found to be linear for the pyrochlore structure. Unit-cell parameters were obtained using Rietveld refinements for the whole series and were also calculated via the Nelson-Riley function. The ionic conductivity studies were undertaken via AC impedance analysis to determine the electronic behaviour and its relationship to the structural change in the available temperature range of 300–700°C. The trends in ionic conductivity and activation energy were explained on the basis of NPD and XRD data. The composition at the pyrochlore-fluorite boundary exhibited the lowest activation energy and highest ionic conductivity.