مالكانہ تصرفات پر نفاذ حجر كے اسباب

Where Islam takes the protection of human life on first priority there it places the fluctuation and safety of one's property and ownership on the second priority_ Qura’nic Verses, sayings of the Prophet and civil and criminal juristic laws stress the protection of property__ The extravagancy, misuse, theft, robbery, usurpation, aleatory, deception and alike have been termed unfair means regarding the property. Besides, according to Muslim jurists there are some other elements, if not checked may lead to deterioration of property_ like disposition of property during immaturity, lunacy, drunkenness and inebriety, stupidity etc. In this connection Islamic Law introduces the rules of Hajr (interdiction) which ensure the sanction upon such a person found suffering from the above imperfection and forbids him to make disposition in his own property and terms it invalid for further legal effects. In juristic terminology such rules are called Hap (interdiction) .

Energy Efficient Congestion-Aware Dsr Eec-Dsr in Manets

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are de-centralized collections of mobile nodes lacking a pre-existing architecture. Increasing trend in use of MANET applications make them one of the hottest research areas. Routing protocols are responsible for the establishing connections and data transmission across MANETs. MANET routing protocols typically select shortest routes for data transmission, which can result in un-balanced traffic flows across a mobile ad-hoc network. This can also induce congestion in the network and can degrade the Quality of Service (QoS). One of the eminent routing protocols designed for handling congestions in MANETs is Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). However, such protocols not only disregard the energy constraints of mobile nodes but also introduce multipath data transmission mechanisms that in turn cause unnecessary latencies and have added energy demands. This research presents a unified multi-metrics routing protocol, called energy efficient congestion-aware DSR (EEC-DSR). This thesis considers routing by taking into account energy efficiency and congestion together. The goal of the proposed EEC-DSR is to choose a path such that the chances of congestion are minimized. The process of node selection in EEC-DSR is intelligent, which chooses only appropriate nodes in terms of network load and energy. Not only does the EEC-DSR stabilize a MANET, but it also enhances the MANET life-time by including high energy nodes in data communication. Performance evaluation demonstrates that EEC-DSR guarantees long-lasting data communication and reduces communication overhead by means of unipath routing.