مولانا عبداللطیف نعمانی
مولانا عبداللطیف نعمانی ایک مشہور عالم اورصاحب درس وتدریس بزرگ تھے۔ ایک مدت سے مؤ،ضلع اعظم گڑھ کے مدرسہ مفتاح العلوم میں شیخ الحدیث کے عہدہ پرفائز تھے۔ اگرچہ سیاست کامیدان بھی ان کے تگ وتاز سے محروم نہیں رہا لیکن ان کاعمربھر کامشغلہ درس وتدریس تھا۔علوم دینیہ کے علاوہ منطق اورفلسفہ میں بھی ان کوبڑاکمال تھا۔سینکڑوں طلباء ان کے فیضِ تعلیم و تربیت سے مستفیض ہوئے۔ [فروری۱۹۷۳ء]
This article deals with “Synonymy” in Arabic. Generally “Synonymy” is a radical source which keeps language more advanced and developed. The “Synonymy” has gained attention of early Arabic linguists’ and scholars while compiling the sacred language data, for instance two major linguists Abū al-Mālik ibn Qutaybah al-Asma’i and Ibn Khalawayh focused on synonymity of words, eventually they considered memorisation of synonym words as a mark of pride. On the other hand, some other linguists like Abu al-‘Abbās Aḥmed ibn Yaḥy al-Thalb and Abū ‘Alī al-Fārisī have denied the existence of synonymity in Arabic language altogethers. After all, the “Synonymity” of words is considered as a linguistic phenomenon in all languages generally and in Arabic language particularly. A renowned great scholar ‘Abdul Raḥmān al-Kilānī paid countless attention to this linguistic phenomenon and wrote the book the of one is which“مترادف القرآن مع الفروق اللغوية”: entitled comprehensive reference books in the field. He studied Quranic synonyms with their meanings systematically. The article addresses the concept of synonymity with a brief historiography as well as what ‘Abdul Raḥmān al-Kilānī's book brought us in this field.
This study aimed to explore academic achievements of students in biology at secondary level across schools systems and gender. A newly developed, field tested and validated tool Biology Achievement Test (BAT) was used to collect the data. A total of 289 students of grade ten were recruited through a cross sectional survey from public (n=5) and private (n=5) schools of district Chitral. Of the total students (n=289) 164 (56%) boys and 125 (43%) girls participated in the research study. Biology Achievement Test (BAT) was administered to explore students' academic achievements across school system and gender. Results demonstrated that students scored only 31% of the total score, exhibiting a weak conceptual understanding in selected concepts of biology. Overall results across school systems indicated that private schools have performed slightly better than their Public counterparts; however, the difference was not significant (p>0.05). Moreover, comparison of MCQs and CRQs across school system demonstrated that private schools have scored significantly higher in MCQs and public schools have shown significantly better performance in CRQs (p> 0.001 for both). Furthermore, public schools have performed significantly better in study of life ecology and biodiversity with a small effect size (r=-0.18).Similarly, private schools have performed significantly better in cell biology (p< 0.01), with a medium effect size (r=0.27). Students' performance in cognitive domains revealed that private schools students have shown better performance in knowledge and reasoning level while public schools have performed better in application level. However, the differences were too small to be significant. Furthermore, overall academic achievement across gender revealed that girls have performed significantly better as compared to boys (p<0.001). Students' performance across gender demonstrated that girls have outperformed boys in both MCQs and CRQs, with a significant difference (p<0.001). Performance in content domains across gender showed that girls have performed significantly better in life process as compared to boys. In cognitive domains, girls have performed significantly better in knowledge and reasoning levels (p<0.001) as compared to boys.