تقریظ سوئم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہِ الکریم
مُوصوف ایک علمی گھرانے سے تعلق رکھتے ہیں۔ دینی علوم کے حوالے سے ان کے بزرگوں کی خدمات اظہر من الشمس ہیں ۔اِن کی کتاب ــ ’’ نسیم سخن‘‘ ایک علمی خزانہ ہے اِس میں طلبا و طالبات کے لیے متعدد تقاریر شامل کی گئی ہیں۔ جو اپنی نظیرآپ ہیں حافظ محمد اکرم راشدؔ نے دیگر کتب اور مضامین سے خوشہ چینی کی بجائے فی البدیہہ مواد پیش کرنے کی مساعی جمیلہ کی ہے ۔ اِ ن کی تحریر میں چاشنی اور ندرت ہے۔ اِن کی تقاریر جو’’نسیم سخن ‘‘کے نام سے زیورِ طباعت سے مرصعّ ومزیّن ہو رہی ہیں عام قاری کے لیے بالعموم اور طلبا و طالبات کے لیے بالخصوص ممدو معاون ثابت ہوں گی۔ ادارہ کے مقابلہ جات ہوں یا ضلعی اور ڈویژن لیول کے مقابلہ جات ’’نسیم سخن‘‘ میں شامل شدہ تقاریر کفایت کریں گی ۔ یہ طلباء کے لیے نعمت مترقبہ سے کم نہ ہے ۔ موصوف کا ادبی دنیا میں ایک نام ہے اِ ن کو دیکھ کر متقدمین ادباء کی یاد تازہ ہو جاتی ہے ۔ دورانِ ملازمت بھی ادبی پروگرام کے حوالے سے محکمہ تعلیم میں اِن کی تحریریں محو گردش رہی ہیں ۔ اور انعام و اکرام کی حقدار گردانی گئی ہیں۔
اللہ تعالیٰ اِن کو مزید ایسے شاہ پارے پیش کرنے کی توفیق عطا فرمائے ۔
رانا محمد اظہر خاں
چیف ایگزیکٹو آفیسر (ایجوکیشن)
ڈسٹرکٹ ایجوکیشن اتھار ٹی ، رحیم یار خاں
نہ تخت و تاج میں نے لشکر و سپاہ میں ہے
جو بات مردِ قلندر کی بارگاہ میںہے
وہی جہاں ہے ترا جس کو تو کرے پیدا
یہ سنگ و خشت نہیں جو تری نگاہ میں ہے
علامہ محمد اقبالؔ
Technological advancement makes translation convenient due to the emergence of various translation tools. This Explanatory-Sequential study aims to determine the preference and the factors affecting the preference of Filipino and Foreign college students toward the Online Translation Tool. Likewise, it also aimed to identify if there is a significant difference between the respondents' choices. To acquire the data, the researchers used a survey conducted on 15 Filipino and foreign collegiate students enrolled in universities in Manila and a focus group discussion among 3 Filipino students. The transcribed data were analyzed using Thematic Analysis. Moreover, the results of the quantitative data revealed that Google Translate was the preferred Online Translation Tool of Filipino and Foreign students for the reason of accessibility, user-friendliness, and the tendency of users to brand bias. The reasons presented in quantitative data are strengthened by the themes identified in the qualitative data. The three prevailing themes of Brand Bias, Accessibility, and Accuracy constituted the central theme of User Friendliness. It was identified through the Chi-Square Test that there is no significant difference among respondents' preferences (0.345 P-Value) toward online Translation software.
Genus Prunus is one of the most economically important genus of Rosaceae family with worldwide distribution. The present study was conducted to investigate the phytosociology and genetic diversity of genus Prunus and associated species in Muzaffarabad Division, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Phytosociological data were obtained from different ecological zones by using systematic quadrat sampling following standard protocols. Results were analyzed by using multivariate ordination techniques to correlate species data with environmental variables. A total of 362 species belonging to 239 genera and 96 families were recorded from 21 selected sites. Poaceae was the leading dominant family with 37 genera and 48 species followed by Rosaceae, Asteraceae and Ranunculaceae. A total of five species of genus Prunus were recorded from studied sites with Prunus mira as dominant followed by P. armeniaca, P. domestica, P. avium and P. cerasus respectively. Megaphanerophytes was the dominant life form with 29.25 percent followed by hemicryptophytes, nanophanerophytes and therophytes, respectively. Results of leaf size spectrum revealed microphylls as dominant with 48.13 percent followed by leptophylls and nanophylls respectively. Average value of species diversity at the studied sites were 2.80; Species richness was 1.17 whereas the equitability was found to be 0.74. Cluster analysis revealed six identifiable plant clusters based upon correlation matrix. Principal component analysis verified the results of phytosociological studies showing the dominance of specific keystone species at the specific sites. Genetic diversity of genus Prunus was analyzed using a set of 39 SSR markers. A total of 96 accessions belonging to six different species of genus Prunus were used for computing various parameters of genetic diversity. The six species of genus prunus exhibit significant levels of genetic variation. Total number of observed alleles was 217 with an average of 18 alleles per locus. Average value of gene diversity between loci was 0.88 with minimum of 0.56 and maximum of 0.91. Average frequency for major alleles was determined as 0.28 with a maximum value of 0.64 in the BPPCT006 locus and minimum of 0.16 at CPPCT022. The size of DNA fragments among all loci ranged from 100-316 bp. The average value of polymorphism information content for all the loci was 0.826 with a maximum of 0.911 for the locus CPPCT022 and minimum 0.53 for the locus BPPCT006. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.11-0.812 with an average of 0.471 whereas expected heterozygosity varied from 0.561-0.916 with an average of 0.84. Unweighted pair group mean average method (UPGMA) results showed significant grouping among genus Prunus accessions collected from different ecological zones representing the environmental impact on genotypes. Results revealed that Prunus local land races exhibit significant genetic variations which needs to be further evaluated by employing advanced techniques. Therefore, extensive evaluation using modern research tools is recommended for conservation efficiency and improvement of germplasm management.