یہودیت، عیسائیت اور اسلام میں بحری حیوانات، پرندوں اور حشرات کے احکام حلت وحرمت کا تقابلی جائزہ

Almighty Allah does not leave a person free that he do what he wants like animals, but Almighty Allah made some rules for human which must be followed and obeyed by the man. In the same way some rules are declared for eating and gives permission for eating ╓alal and forbid ╓aram. No one religious in the world permission its followers to eat everything whether it is a Divine religious or non-Divine. Things which are useful for human are declared as ╒alal and things which are harmful are declared as ╒aram whether those things are related to sea food, birds, animals, insects or anything else. In this article, it is tried to compare the rules for the ╓ilat- o- ╓urmat of these things and to describe the similarity and differences of three main religions Islam, Christianity and Judaism

Factors Associated With Development of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Three Private Tertiary Hospitals in Kenya

Introduction: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a condition that affects mainly premature infants. It’s characterized by abnormal retinal vascular growth which in its most severe form can result in blindness due to retinal detachment, and in less severe untreated forms, can result in marked visual impairment. Retinopathy of prematurity is one of the preventable causes of blindness. Research Question: What are the factors associated with development of retinopathy of prematurity in screened preterm infants in three private tertiary hospitals in Kenya? Study Objectives: This study aimed to identify factors associated with development of retinopathy of prematurity in screened preterm infants in three private tertiary hospitals in Kenya. It also aimed to determine the proportion of preterm infants with retinopathy of prematurity in the screened preterm infants within these three hospitals. Study Methods: This was an unmatched case control study, targeting records of preterm infants born between January 2010 to December 2017, in three private tertiary hospitals in Kenya. Data extracted was on gestational age at birth, birth weight, gender, duration of supplemental oxygen, occurrence of sepsis, intra ventricular hemorrhage and blood transfusion. The outcome assessed was a binary variable, defined as retinopathy of prematurity status, Positive or Negative. Results: A total of 228 patient records were included in the study. Overall proportion of ROP positive cases was 43.3% (95% CI: 36.9%-50.1%). Approximately half, (50.8%) of the babies who were put on oxygen supplementation for more than one week were ROP positive, however the proportions were similar for babies with and those without sepsis at 58.0% and 55.0% respectively. The proportion of preterm infants with ROP was lower in babies who were transfused compared to those who were not transfused (48.6% vs 63.6%). Gestational age (p-value=0.002), duration of oxygen therapy (p-value=0.012), and blood transfusion (p-value=0.022) were independently associated with ROP infection. Conclusion and Recommendations: The proportion of preterm infants who screened ROP positive in this study was 43.4% which was used as a proxy for prevalence of this condition in screened preterm infants in these three facilities. This serves as an indicator of the burden of this condition on preterm infants. Associated factors from this study were gestational age at birth, duration of supplemental oxygen and blood transfusion. Early weaning off from supplemental oxygen and judicious transfusions could possibly make an impact in reducing the prevalence of this condition. We recommend that there should be a national policy on screening of