حفیظ الرحمان احسنؔ(۱۹۳۴ئ۔پ) کا اصل نام حفیظ الرحمان اور احسن ؔتخلص کرتے ہیں۔ آپ پسرور کے ایک مذہبی گھرانے میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ۱۹۵۹ء میں اسلامیہ کالج سول لائن لاہور سے ایم۔اے عربی کیا اور گورنمنٹ انٹر میڈیٹ کالج فیصل آبادمیں عربی لیکچرا ر کی حیثیت سے تعینات ہوئے۔ ۱۹۶۳ء میں مرے کالج سیالکوٹ میں عربی کے لیکچرا ر کے طورپر تقرری ہوئی۔ ۱۹۶۶ء میں لاہور میں ایوانِ ادب ادارہ قائم کیا۔ (۸۳۴) حفیظ الرحمن احسنؔ کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’ننھی منھی خوبصورت نظمیں‘‘ ایوانِ ادب لاہور سے ۱۹۸۳ء کو شائع ہوا۔ دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’فصلِ زیاں‘‘ سدا بہار پبلشرز لاہور نے ۱۹۹۰ء میں طبع کیا۔ ’’ستارہ شامِ ہجراں‘‘ ،’’موجِ سلسبیل‘‘ ،’’نغماتِ طفلی‘‘،’’غبار خزاں‘‘،’’نوائے راز‘‘ ،’’ارشحاتِ تسنیم‘‘ اور ’’کلامِ احسن‘‘ احسنؔ کے سات شعری مجموعے غیر مطبوعہ ہیں۔
احسنؔ نے اردو میں تمام موضوعات میں عمدہ شاعری کی ہے مگر ادبی حلقوں میں ان کی وجہ شہرت خاص طورپر ان کی مزاحمتی شاعری ہے۔ وہ غزل کے شاعر ہیں اور انھوں نے اپنی غزل میں اپنی ملت کی ترجمانی کی ہے۔ حفیظ کے پیرائیہ اظہار کی غزل میں دو انداز نمایاں ہیں۔ایک تو غزل کے روایتی محبوب کا وہ تصوراتی پیکر ہے جو ہماری غزل کا سرمایہ خاص رہا ہے۔ جس میں عشوہ طرازی، عشاق کشی اور ہرجائی پن کی صفات ایک سیاسی راہنما کی ذات کو وسیلہ اظہار بناتی ہیں۔ اس طرزِ کلام میں ایک خاص طرح کی شوخی ،جدت ،گرمی اور سرشاری دکھائی دیتی ہے۔ کچھ اشعار پیشِ خدمت ہیں:
نہ تھے ہم خوش گماں تُجھ سے خبر یہ بھی نہ تھی لیکن
لبِ اغیار پریوں بھی تر افسانہ آئے گا(۸۳۵)
کم نوائی پر نہ جا طوفاں اُٹھا سکتے ہیں ہم
ضبط ہے کچھ اور خوئے بے زبانی اور ہے(۸۳۶)
تری غم خواری مفلس کے چرچے عام ہیں لیکن
فقیر...
Humans have always had the curiosity to know themselves, to know the world around them, and to know their place in the world. Morality, spirituality and religion are closely intertwined, ‘certain moral ideas became united with certain religious and spiritual ideas to such an extent as to become indistinct from them’. The role of religion in educational institutions is one of the most sensitive and volatile topics on the political and legal landscape now a days especially in country like Pakistan which has been created on religious ideology. The Islamic Way of Life is based on this unique approach to life and a peculiar concept of man's place in the Universe. Islam has provided mankind with the highest possible standard of morality. This moral code, which is both straightforward and practical, provides the individual with innumerable ways to embark upon and then continues the path of moral evolution. By making divine revelation the primary source of knowledge, moral standards are made permanent and stable. The first part of the paper is about the relationship between education and its role as spiritual and moral tool of training. Second part deals with the concept of education in Islam and third part will present types of knowledge in Islam and their application as moral and spiritual tool of education. Last part will give moral and spiritual training methodology in Islamic education. The relationships between ‘moral’, ‘spiritual’ and ‘religious’ seem to be akin to the relationships between the cluster ‘social’, ‘human’ and ‘political’. In each of these clusters, only beings of the kind appropriately described by the middle term can engage in activities which could be properly described by the first and third terms. Islam as religion of spirituality and morality gives a frame work to educate and train the students in modeling their life as more moral and spiritual with practical application in this life and success in the hereafter. The chief characteristic of the Islamic Concept of Life is that it does not admit a conflict, nay, not even a significant separation between life-spiritual and life-mundane. It does not confine itself merely in purifying the spiritual and the moral life of man in the limited sense of the word. Its domain extends to the entire gamut of life. It wants to would individual life as well as the social order in healthy patterns, so that the Kingdom of God may really be established on the earth and so that peace contentment and well-being may fill the world as water f ills the oceans.
Polyurethanes can be tailored with outstanding precision for any specific application. The novelty in performance properties of PUs is mainly associated with careful choice of the polyols/polyamines and chain extenders because about 50% volume of PU is comprised of these reactants. Hence, the PUs for desired application can be developed through selecting different polyols and chain extenders. This research project was aimed to synthesis the chitosan based biocompatible PUs for textile applications using isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polyethylene glycol (PEG), DPMA and chitosan as chain extender. This study was portioned into three parts. In Part-I, water dispersible PUs were prepared by using mixtures of chitosan (Mol. Wt. 50,000 g/mole) and BDO as chain extender in different mole ratios. In Part-II, PU dispersions were prepared using nanochitosan as chain extender. NCS of 267 nm average particle size was prepared by ionic gelation method. In Part-III, low molecular weight chitosan (CS(LMW)) was used as chain extender. CS(LMW) was prepared by oxidative depolymerization of chitosan with hydrogen peroxide and molecular weight (Mv=12400) was determined by viscometry. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used for molecular characterization of CS-PU dispersions. The physical properties of CS-PUs including dispersion stability and solid contents were determined and correlated with other findings. The dyed and printed poly-cotton blend fabrics were finished with 10% and 20% solutions of all these CS-PU dispersions by pad-dry-cure method followed by the evaluation of physical, mechanical and antibacterial properties of finished p/c fabrics by standard test procedures. The scanning electron micrographic imaging of finished fabrics was also carried out for morphological study. The pill resistance, ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), Air permeability (AP), crease recovery angle (CRA), tear and tensile strength of the finished blend fabrics were investigated by standard methods and the results revealed that all the chitosan based polyurethane dispersions improved the UPF, CRA, stiffness and tensile strength of the blend fabrics. However, tear strength of the fabrics was decreased. The superior results for CRA, tear and tensile strengths were obtained by applying CS-PUs based on CS(LMW). Finally, antibacterial properties were evaluated by disc diffusion method and no bacterial growth was observed above, below or in close proximity of the fabrics swatches with visible inhibition zones which were improved with the increase in chitosan amount in dispersions.