Introduction of Dr. Isrār Aḥmad
Dr. Isrār Aḥmad was born on 26th April, 1932A. D/1350A. H. in Ḥiṣār District (India). He was an active member and General Secretary of The Muslim Students Federation for the period 1945-46 A. D. He stood first in Matriculation Exam in 1366A. H/1947A. D in District Ḥiṣār attaining 4th position among the Muslim students of Punjāb. During schooling, he was greatly inspired by the poetry of ‘Allāma Muḥammad Iqbāl (d:1357A. H/1938A. D) and picked up the will to strive for the renaissance of Islām. In Oct-Nov 1947A. D, he came over to Pākistān with a caravan undertaking a tiresome journey of twenty days by traveling on foot. In 1368A. H/1949A. D, he passed F. Sc. from Government College Lāhore, securing 4th position in Punjāb University. He did his MBBS from King Edward Medical College, Lāhore in 1374A. H/1954A. D. Dr. Isrār established the Qur’ān Study Circle and Islamic Hostel at Montgomery (Sāhīwāl) in 1960-61A. D. In 1962A. D, he performed his first pilgrimage with his parents. He passed his M. A. (in Islāmic studies) from Karāchī University in 1965A. D securing 1st position. Thereafter, he set up a private clinic and Qur’ānic Circle at Lāhore. In 1391A. H/1971A. D, he proceeded again for the pilgrimage. It was that period of time when he decided to give up the medical practice and dedicate the rest of his life to serving Dīn. In 1972A. D, Dr. Isrār Aḥmad established Central Anjuman Khuddām al-Qur’ān at Krishan Nagar in Lāhore to propagate the teachings of the Qur’ān. In 1975A. D, he founded an organization with the name of Tanẓīm-e-Islāmī for the supremacy and establishment of Dīn. In the times of President General Ẓiā al-Haq (d: 1409A. H/1988A. D), Dr. Isrār Aḥmad was nominated as...
The purpose of this study was to describe the science process skills of students of PGMI FTIK IAIN Palu on the science laboratory of Asam Basa. This research is a descriptive study conducted at the PGMI Study Program in September to October 2019. The research subjects were students of semester 3 of PGMI in the academic year 2019/2020 who took 28 natural science courses. Data in the form of students' Science Process Skills were obtained from the student performance appraisal in the science practicum on acid-base material. The results showed that students' science process skills varied in each category. For the category of skills using tools and materials, the average percentage for the 2 indicators is 83.05% or very high. For the category of observation skills, the average percentage for the two indicators is 83% or very high. For the grouping / classification skills category, the average percentage for the 2 indicators is 79% or in the high category. Whereas for communication skills where in this category there are 3 indicators with an average indicator of 82.5 or very high. Overall by averaging the percentage of all indicators obtained the percentage for science process skills in science lab, wet acid material is 82%. This shows that the science process skills of PGMI students are very high.
On Network Lifetime Maximization in Wireless Sensor Networks with Sink Mobility Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) extend human capability to monitor and control the physical world, especially, in catastrophic/emergency situations where human engagement is too dangerous. There is a diverse range of WSN applications in terrestrial, underwater and health care domains. In this regard, the wireless sensors have significantly evolved over the last few decades in terms of circuitry miniaturization. However, small sized wireless sensors face the problem of limited battery/power capacity. Thus, energy efficient strategies are needed to prolong the lifetime of these networks. This dissertation, limited in scope to routing only, aims at energy efficient solutions to prolong the lifetime of terrestrial sensor networks (i.e., WSNs) and Underwater WSNs (UWSNs). In WSNs, we identify that uneven cluster size, random number of selected Cluster Heads (CHs), communication distance, and number of transmissions/receptions are mainly involved in energy consumption which lead to shortened network lifetime. As a solution, we present two proactive routing protocols for circular WSNs; Angular Multi-hop Distance based Clustering Network Transmission (AM-DisCNT) and improved AM-DisCNT (iAM-DisCNT). These two protocols are supported by linear programming models for information flow maximization and packet drop minimization. For reactive applications, we present four routing protocols; Hybrid Energy Efficient Reactive (HEER),Multi-hop Hybrid Energy Efficient Reactive (MHEER), HEER with Sink Mobility (HEER-SM) and MHEER with Sink Mobility (MHEER-SM). The multi hop characteristic of the reactive protocols make them scalable. We also exploit node heterogeneity by presenting four routing protocols (i.e., Balanced Energy Efficient Network Integrated Super ix Heterogeneous (BEENISH), Mobile BEENISH (MBEENISH), improved BEENISH (iBEENISH) and improved Mobile BEENISH (iMBEENISH)) to prolong the network lifetime. Since the problems of delay tolerance and mobile sink trajectories need investigation, this dissertation factors in four propositions that explore defined and random mobile sink trajectories. On the other hand, designing an energy efficient routing protocol for UWSNs demands more accuracy and extra computations due to harsh underwater environment. Subject to nodes’ energy consumption minimization, we present Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) and Courier Nodes (CNs) based routing protocol for UWSNs. We validate our propositions for both WSNs and UWSNs via simulations. Results show that the proposed protocols where we incorporated sink mobility perform better than the existing ones in terms of selected performance metrics.