Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility on Organizational Performance: A Conceptual and Literature Review

Sustainable development is considered as or can be one of the ways in achievement, progress, and benefit for organizations. Organizations use and utilize this source to require a system on which they can rely upon and keeping in mind the end goal to recognize openings and associated risks and to make, realize, control, and upgrade the sustainable goals of corporations which to be both progressively viable (for themselves and the overall population) and increasingly productive in terms of monetary. Based on the content analysis and literature review, this paper review and proposed the conceptual framework on the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and its effect on Organizational Performance of Pakistan’s retail banks. It is conceptual type of research which possesses four hypotheses, first Independent Variable is CSR and Four Dependent Variables such as, Organizational Performance (OP), Financial Performance (FP), Employee Commitment (OC) and Organizational Reputation (OR) and these are not proven in this research. This paper suggests that by initiating the practices of corporate social responsibility can improve the performance of the organization and also increase its financial position, commitment level of the employees and improve the overall reputation or the company. Different literature suggests that this research could be done with primary as well as secondary sources sometimes the researchers have used mixed form of methodologies, this study is based on secondary data using internet which is one of the powerful tools to generate the data. Researchers conclude and give some suggestions for the future research work with the discussion on previous literature review.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Quinolines and Oxepines

In the present workpyrimido[5,4-c]quinoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones (5-24) were synthesized by two step reaction sequence involving Knoevenagel condensation and Doebner Miller reaction. Compounds (5-24) were availed by fusion of Knoevenagel adducts (5benzylidenepyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione and 5-(3-nitrobenzylidene)pyrimidine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione) (3a-b) with anilines viz.sulfanilamide, 4-amino-N-(thiazol-2yl)benzenesulfonamide, sulfamethazine, sulfaguanidine, sulfamethoxazole, paminobenzoic acid, p-nitroaniline, 3-nitroaniline, 3-hydroxyaniline, p-phenylaniline, 5amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-aminoacetophenone, 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4aminoacetophenone and 4-chloroaniline (4a-o) in an oil bath at 170-265 oCafforded desired compounds in moderate to good yields (55-74%). All the compounds were tediously characterized. The prepared compounds (5-19) were tested for their in vitro antioxidant activity and at all instances they exhibited excellent activity in comparison to control Ascorbic acid. Compounds (20-24) were selectively screened for in vitro antibacterial and antiviral activities as these compounds has active pharmacophores in the structure. The most active compounds were 23, 21 and 22 having MIC 0.5, 1.25 and 1.75 µg respectively against P. vulgaris where ampicillin (MIC 2.25 µg) was employed as positive control. In case K. pneumonia compound 24 was found most active (MIC 0.1 µg) in comparison to control ampicillin (MIC 1.25 µg). In case of antiviral activity of the synthesized compounds (2024), compound (23) has expressed maximum in ovo antiviral potency against all four viruses (AIVH9N2, NDV, IBDV and IBV) with IC50 (0.001 µM). In case of synthesis of oxepines (38, 38´, 43 and 43´), a multi-step strategy (9 steps) is developed starting from 1-indanone anf finally the more polar compound 38 was dyrolysed to compound (40) to avail above mentioned compounds in respectable overall yield (0.39%).