خطوط کی تدوین و ترتیب کے لیے عمیق نظری کی صفت کا ہونا اہم ترین چیز ہے۔کاتب کے اسلوب کا جائزہ لیے بغیر خطوط کو یک جا کرنااور خاص مقاصد کی تکمیل کے لیے ان کا استعمال کرنا ممکن نہیں۔اسلوب خود انسان ہی ہے۔مراد یہ کہ اس میں انسان کی پوشیدہ شخصیت اور ذہنی ارتقا سامنے آ جاتا ہے۔انسان اپنے خط میں اپنی کیفیت کا اظہار کرتا دکھائی دیتا ہے۔وہ بے تکلفی سے اپنے خیالات و افکار کو صفحۂ قرطاس پر منتقل کرتا چلا جاتا ہے۔اس طرح کاتب کا جذباتی مد و جزر بھی پوری طرح عیاں ہو جاتا ہے۔ادبی اصناف میں سب سے اہم اور معلوم شخصیت خود لکھنے والے کی ہوتی ہے۔اسے یہ ہرگز معلوم نہیں ہوتا کہ اس کا مخاطب کون ہے؟ نہ زمان و مکاں سے ان کا رشتہ ثابت شدہ ہوتا ہے اور نہ ہی لکھنے والے کو ان کے فہم و ادراک کا اندازہ ہوتا ہے۔ٓج بھی نظم و نثر کے پڑھنے والے موجود ہیں اور ہزاروں سال بعد بھی رہیں گے۔اس طرح قارئین کے ساتھ ان کا ماحول بھی تغیر پذیر ہوتا رہتا ہے۔ خطوط کے معاملے میں یہ صورت مختلف میزان اختیار کر جاتی ہے۔اس میں کاتب اور مکتوب الیہ دونوں معلوم ہوتے ہیں۔ان کا رشتہ بھی زمان و مکاں کے ساتھ بندھا ہوا ہے۔وہ ایک مخصوص ماحول میں زندہ ہیں اور ان کی گفتگو بھی معلوم حقائق سے متعلق ہے۔کاتب اور مکتوب الیہ کی سطح ادراک ایک بھی ہو سکتی ہے اور مختلف بھی۔اس کے موضوعات قطعاً نجی اور ذاتی بھی ہو سکتے ہیں،قومی اور عالمگیر بھی۔ان خطوط کا محرک عداوت بھی ہو سکتا ہے اور محبت و عقیدت بھی۔کاتب اور مکتوب الیہ کا رشتہ رسمی اور کاروباری بھی ہو سکتا ہے اور اس کی جڑیں لکھنے والے کی ذات میں بہت گہرائی تک پیوسط بھی ہو سکتی...
The world today is now in the era of Information Technology. The development of ICT-based processes specifically in the area of assessment in school is now visible. Project LISTEN (Literacy Innovation that Speech Technology ENables) is an inter-disciplinary research project at Carnegie Mellon University to develop a novel tool to improve literacy – an automated Reading Tutor that displays stories on a computer screen, and listens to children read aloud. This study does not provide right or wrong answers for they let the user evaluate the answer. The main objective of this study is to develop an Alternative Math Assessment Tool for Preschoolers using Speech Recognition. These software aims to assist teachers in the review of Math lessons for preschooler using speech recognition. The development of the system utilizes the System Development Cycle approach that includes data gathering to identify system’s expected functionalities, designing the system using Use-Case Diagram, integration of JSAPI for Voice Recognition, using Synthesizer software for reading the questions out loud, a graphical display of teacher representation and a graphical display for every questions in the review. Along in the development of this assessment tool is the implementation of the system. The system was developed using Java Programming language. It also uses MySql database to store data for preschooler, review questions and text answers. In the conduct of the review digital microphone and a speaker is needed. The developed system is capable of creating questions for a particular review, activating a review for the preschooler to take, and record the preschooler’s scores at every end of the review. The system also includes graphical display of questions. In the conduct of the review, the system was able to read out loud the questions, and a 5-second time span for the pupil to answer the review questions. The system will listen and the feedback from the study will display the correctly uttered answer. User testing results indicates an 83% correct response of system against the correct uttered answer of the preschooler.
Fuzzy graphs are designed to represent structures of relationships between objects where the existence of a concrete object and relationship between two objects are matters of degree. Most wide spread T-operators, min and max, have been used to introduce the structure of fuzzy graphs since their inception in literature and very little effort is done to make use of new operators. In this dissertation, we stress that the min and max operators are not the only candidates for the generalization of the classical graphs to fuzzy graphs and demonstrate the use of a particular Toperator, namely the Dombi operator in the area of fuzzy graph theory. The main objective of this dissertation is to introduce different concepts of graphs under generalized fuzzy circumstances and provide their pertinent applications in multi-attribute decision making. To obtain the desired goal, a new generalization of fuzzy graphs, called Pythagorean fuzzy graphs is proposed. Certain novel concepts, including the energy and Laplacian energy of Pythagorean fuzzy graphs are introduced. In particular, decision-making problems concerning the design of a satellite communication system and the evaluation of the schemes of reservoir operation are solved to illustrate the applicability and effectiveness of our proposed concepts. A series of operational laws of single-valued neutrosophic graphs is developed and their desirable properties are investigated in detail. A new decision making approach is developed in the context of graph theory to deal with the multi-attribute decision making problems in hesitant fuzzy circumstances. Further, the developed approach is generalized to make it suitable for processing interval-valued hesitant fuzzy and hesitant triangular fuzzy information. The numerical examples concerning the energy project selection and software evaluation are utilized to show the detailed implementation procedure and reliability of our method in solving multi-attribute decision making problems. Furthermore, the results related to graphs and hypergraphs are reformulated in the context of interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets. Meanwhile, the theory of intervalvalued intuitionistic fuzzy transversals associated with interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy hypergraphs is introduced.