التربية الإسلامية وميادينها في ضوء الآية من سورة الجمعة

Islam is a religion of humanity; it takes much care of people and worries a lot about both the spiritual and the materialistic aspect of life. That’s way it gives a clear and solid code of life which don’t leave blank any single aspect of human life. Spiritual training and education is a major part of Islamic teachings, Islamic training goes side by side the Islamic education as both tied strongly to each other’s and there is no option to disconnect the Islamic education from the Islamic training and practice. Islam stresses on both the education and the training aspects at a time and don’t believe in dualism at all in Muslim society about Islam and its teachings, one who does not practices what he learns in training is much worse than one who don’t practices due to his ignorance. This verse of S┴ra Jum’ ā describes the importance of Islamic Training in a very clear way as this verse declares the Islamic training as a basic reason of sending the Prophet PBUH to the humanity.

Food Consumption in Pakistan: A Comparison of Quality Effect Across Regions and Provinces

The study estimated quantity, expenditure and quality elasticities for major food products in Pakistan and provided comparison of quality effect across regions, provinces and income quintiles using data from the HIES part of PSLM 2007-08 (first period) and 2010-11 (second period). The elasticities of interest were obtained via log-log inverse functional form of Engel equation. Coefficients of parameters (?? , ?? , ?? and ?? ) in most of the selected food items were found statistically significant reflecting that the log-log-inverse (LLI) formulation of the model fit the data well and validate nonlinear behavior of Engel relationship for food consumption in Pakistan. The quantity elasticities during both periods remained less than unity except milk packed in Sindh province with reasonable variations in magnitude across regions, provinces and income quintiles. Compared to the first period, with a few exceptions, quantity elasticities have increased during the second period and were larger at the upper income quintiles relative to the lower ones. In most of the products, quantity elasticities were higher for rural households than urban ones during both the periods. Likewise, expenditure elasticities have increased considerably in Pakistan during the second period compared to the first one for most of the food commodities. A pattern similar to quantity elasticities was also observed in expenditure elasticities across regions, provinces and income quintiles. For most of the products, the estimates of quality elasticities were positive in both the periods implying that households in Pakistan purchase higher quality food as their income rises. During both the periods, the quality elasticities for most of the food items decreased for rural households compared to urban ones. A considerable variability was observed in quality elasticities among provinces and income quintiles in terms of magnitude for various food items. Thus, with the exception of a few products, Pakistani households, in general, not only demand more quantity but also higher quality of food as their income rises. Hence, from the policy point of view, evidence of positive demand for quality food would facilitate devising food policy for the development of food markets in terms of market segmentation and quality improvements in Pakistan. Resultantly, this would be an important driver of food demand and future food projections, with possibility of creating different marketing opportunities, and increased welfare for Pakistani populace. Key Words: Food Consumption, quantity elasticity, expenditure elasticity, quality elasticity, urban/rural households, income quintiles, provinces, Pakistan