عِبَادَتْ اور اسْتِعانَتْ سورۃ الفاتحۃ کی روشنی میں

Sūrah al Fātiḥa it is a short Sūrah, yet full of facts and meanings, sweat and heart provoking. This Sūrah is the title of the Qur‘ān and the whole Qur‘ān is its explanation. The fundamental objectives of Qur‘ān, faith and good deeds have been explained in this Sūrah. That is why this Sūrah is also proclaimed as “Umm al Kitāb” and “Umm al Qur‘ān”. Its Scripture is related to worship and help. The worship proceeds to seeking help. The word worship has three meanings: devotion, slavery and submission. Allah Almighty, time and again, ordered towards His submission and worship in the Holy Qur‘ān. It is the esteem of worship on which Allah has honored His Prophet. He is the real Lord and all blessings and powers are for Him. He is Lord of lives and we should have trust in Him and seek help from Him. The separation, individuality and solitude are prohibited in Islam. The verses of Sūrah al Fātiḥa (و ایاک نستعین ایاک نعبد) gives the massage of congregation which is the solution of disturbance and riot. Who so ever wants to go paradise, should have attach to the Ummah.

Essays in land inequality, Agrarian transition and agriculture taxation in Pakistan

Primarily this thesis aims to study the inter-temporal trends of agriculture land inequality in Pakistan which is one of the determinants of poverty. The access to land use a concept related to efficiency of operations on land (operational inequality) in Pakistan has declined over time and ownership inequality (distribution of land amongst owners) a concept which is relevant to equitable distribution has initially improved and then became stagnated. I have comprehended the process of agriculture transition in Pakistan and the data suggest that Pakistan's agricultural has been shifted to owners' self-cultivation either owners are cultivating lands themselves or using wage labors. Based on district level data in Pakistan, I have constructed a novel empirical model of multidimensional poverty, inequality, and development which is my modest contribution. Multidimensional poverty, land inequality (land ownership inequality) and food consumption inequalities are positively related and development and literacy have negative relationship with multidimensional poverty at district level. The consistent inequality in agriculture sector is failure of public policy in Pakistan. The policy of taxation and subsidies are somehow inducing land inequalities in the agriculture sector. I have studied the historical change in land revenue institutions in Pakistan and developed a simple model for computation of potential of agriculture income tax in Pakistan. Based on the results there is an encouraging potential of implementing agriculture income tax in Pakistan