ڈاکٹر عبدالجلیل فریدی
افسوس ہے گذشتہ ماہ ڈاکٹر عبدالجلیل فریدی اکسٹھ برس کی عمر میں ہم سے جُدا ہوگئے۔ مرحوم ایک نہایت بلند مرتبہ اور ماہرِ فن ڈاکٹر کی حیثیت سے ریاست میں ہرجگہ معروف اور مشہور تھے ، لیکن عملی سیاسیات کے میدان میں گامزن ہوئے ابھی انھیں دس بارہ برس ہی ہوئے تھے،اس کے باوجود وہ اس شان اور کروفرکے ساتھ اپنی ریاست کے آسمان ِ سیاست پر نمودار ہوئے کہ پرانے چراغ جھلملا کے رہ گئے۔ ان کی سیاست اگر چہ اتر پردیش تک محدود رہی،لیکن ان کی غیر معمولی شخصیت کاوقار اوروزن پورے ملک کے مسلمانوں میں ہر جگہ محسوس کیا جاتا تھا۔اس کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ مرحوم جذبہ اورعمل دونوں کے انسان تھے، نہایت جری،بے باک اورصاف گوتھے۔ان کی سیاست شترگربگی یامنافقت کے عیب سے پاک وصاف تھی۔اورسب سے بڑھ کریہ کہ سیاست کوجلب منفعت کا ذریعہ بنانے کے بجائے انھوں نے چند در چند مالی نقصانات برداشت کیے اور اپنی کمائی کے لاکھوں روپئے اپنے کازپر بے دریغ خرچ کرڈالے۔اخلاق وعادات کے اعتبارسے بھی وہ بڑی خوبیوں کے مالک تھے ۔عقیدہ اورعمل میں پکے اورسچے مسلمان، ہمدرد ومتواضع، خوش اخلاق وخوش طبع تھے، اس بنا پر مخالفین بھی ان کاادب واحترام کرتے تھے۔ عارضۂ صدر میں مبتلاتھے، روس اور یورپ میں اعلیٰ سے اعلیٰ علاج کرایا مگرمرض نہ گیا۔ایک مرتبہ بڑی حسرت سے بولے : میں نے ڈاکٹر کی حیثیت میں تین لاکھ مریضوں کے ہاتھ دیکھے ہیں،لیکن آج خود اپنا ہاتھ دیکھتا ہوں توحسرت ہوتی ہے ۔آخر یہی مرض جان لیوا ثابت ہوا اوروہ خدا کو پیارے ہوگئے۔ا للّٰھمَّ اغفرلہ وارحمہ۔ [جون ۱۹۷۴ء]
Establishment of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard means supremacy of the dictates of shari‘ah and socio-political justice on earth. This is one of the basic objectives and prominent messages of the Holy Quran and Seerah of Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w). About khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard the Holy Quran expresses as: -وَعَدَ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنكُمْ وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ لَيَسْتَخْلِفَنَّهُم فِي الأَرْضِ … -الَّذِينَ إِن مَّكَّنَّاهُمْ فِي الأَرْضِ أَقَامُوا الصَّلاَةَ وَآتَوُا الزَّكَاةَ وَأَمَرُوا بِالمَعْرُوفِ وَنَهَوْا عَنِ المُنكَرِ وَلِلَّهِ عَاقِبَةُ الأُمُورِ. -هُوَ الَّذِي أَرْسَلَ رَسُولَهُ بِالْهُدَى وَدِينِ الْحَقِّ لِيُظْهِرَهُ عَلَى الدِّينِ كُلِّهِ وَكَفَى بِاللَّهِ شَهِيداً. Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w) proclaims: - وَاَللَّهِ لَوْ وَضَعُوا الشَّمْسَ فِي يَمِينِي وَالْقَمَرَ فِي يَسَارِي عَلَى أَنْ أَتْرُكَ هَذَا الْأَمْرَ حَتَّى يُظْهِرَهُ اللَّهُ أَوْ أَهْلِكَ فِيهِ مَا تَرَكْتُهُ. The Holy Quran and the Seerah refer to some underlying milestones on the way of religious nations to status of khalafah and tamkeen fin ‘ard. These milestones may be expressed in an order as: da‘wah [preaching], deen [practices of prophetic teachings], hijrah [migration], ma‘iyyat-ul-Allah [companionship of Allah], qital [wars], nusrat-ul-Allah [divine aid], izhar-ud-deen [domination of deen] and khilafah [inheritance of authority]. This is noteworthy that journey of khalafah and tamkeen fin ‘ard begins with da‘wah [preaching towards deen] and passing through various milestones ends up again at da‘wah, as obvious from ayat-ul-istakhlaf quoted above. Therefore, the seekers of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard should strive hard and keep struggling with the work of da‘wah with dedication in all circumstances and all means as per time and place requirements in lined with the modus operandi of Prophets, particularly Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w), instead of awaiting the status of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard as prerequisite to start with the work of da‘wah and establishment of deen. This paper primarily aims to elaborate the milestones of Muslim Ummah to reach to the status of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard. It also cast light on the objectives of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard. This work provides useful guidance to Muslim Ummah in general and Ahlud da‘wah in particular about milestones and objectives of khilafah and tamkeen fil ‘ard.
The present investigation is based on a comparative study of the polymerization reactions of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) using riboflavin (RF), camphorquinone (CQ) and safranin T (ST) as photoinitiators and triethanolamine (TEOHA) as a co-initiator in aqueous and organic solvents. HEMA is involved in photoinitiated polymerization reactions occurring in glass-ionomer cements (GICs). The above photoinitiators are stable on exposure to a 15 W lamp emitting in the visible region during the irradiation period. A UV spectrophotometric method has been developed to determine the concentration of HEMA in polymerized solutions at low conversion, i.e., about 5% concentration change in the monomer. The effect of pH, solvent characteristics and HEMA / TEOHA concentration on the rate of polymerization reactions has been evaluated. The rates of the reactions have been found to increase with pH probably as a result of the deprotonation of TEOHA and the presence of a labile proton on the hydroxyl group of HEMA. The steady-state assumption of the rate of initiation being equal to the rate of termination is considered valid only at a low conversion of the monomer. Under these conditions the polymerization reactions have been found to follow pseudo first-order kinetics (within about 5 % change in HEMA concentration) and the determined apparent first- order rate constants (kobs) range from 5.44–7.63×10–4s–1 at pH 6.0–9.0 using 0.01M TEOHA. The polymerization reactions of HEMA are affected by the dielectric constant and viscosity of the medium. There is a linear relation between the rate constants and the solvent dielectric constant indicating the involvement of a polar intermediate in the reaction. The observation of a linear relation between the rate constants and the inverse of solvent viscosity indicates the effect of viscosity on the diffusional processes of reacting species and hence the decrease in rates with an increase in the viscosity of the medium. For all the photoinitiators used the polymerization reaction is dependent on the TEOHA concentration and the second- order rate constants for the interaction of HEMA (1–3M) and TEOHA 0.0025– 0.01M) range from 1.79–8.87×10–2 M–1s–1 at pH 6.0–9.0. The reactivity of the photoinitiators appears to depend on the energy of the excited triplet state, and its degree of interaction with the amine to form a radical ion pair, its dissociation and further interaction of amine radicals with HEMA to undergo polymerization. In the present work, the reactivity of the photoinitiators has been found to be in the order: RF > CQ > ST. The irradiation wavelength of the photoinitiators also increases in the same order resulting in decreased energy and, therefore, it may influence the efficacy of the photoinitiator. The polymerization of HEMA photoinitiated by the three compounds is faster in aqueous solution compared with the organic solvent under identical conditions. The results indicate that the reactivity of the photoinitiators depends upon their structural features, ionization behavior, spectral characteristics, triplet energy and solvent characteristics. It appears that the photoinitiators absorbing in the lower visible region are more efficient (RF 445 nm, CQ 468 nm) in causing polymerization of HEMA compared to those absorbing in the relatively higher visible region (ST 520 nm), as indicated by their absorption maxima. Therefore, the use of RF as a photoinitiator in glass ionomer cements would require a relatively less curing time for the setting of resin restorative materials and it appears to be the most efficient photoinitiator in the polymerization process under the conditions studied.