علامہ ابوالفضل عباسی چریا کوٹی
ماہ رواں کے افسوس ناک علمی حادثوں میں دومشہور مسلمان مصنفین اور اہل قلم کی وفات ہے، ایک سید امیر علی بالقابہ اور دوسرے مولوی سید وحیدالدین سلیم پانی پتی، اس سے پہلے چند ماہ ہوئے کہ ایک اور کہنہ مسلمان فاضل مصنف علامہ ابوالفضل عباسی چریا کوٹی وکیل گورکھپور کی وفات کی خبر ملی تھی ان بزرگوں کا یکے بعد دیگرے یوں رخصت ہوتے جانا علم اور قوم کی بدنصیبی ہے۔
علامہ ابوالفضل عباسی چریا کوٹی استاذنا محمد فاروق صاحب یاکوٹی کے شاگرد تھے اور ان چند مستثنیٰ علماء میں تھے، جنہوں نے اس عہد میں جب انگریزی کفر سمجھی جاتی تھی، انگریزی تعلیم حاصل کی، چنانچہ علی گڑھ کالج کے ان طلبہ میں تھے، جو اس کے سب سے کم دیرپا مشرقی شعبہ علوم میں داخل تھے، مرحوم وکالت کے ساتھ ہمیشہ مذہبی و تاریخی تالیف و تصنیف میں مصروف رہتے تھے، چنانچہ قرآن پاک کا اردو ترجمہ الاسلام، تاریخ اسلام، انگریزی میں قانون محمدی کی بعض کتابیں، انتخاب دواوین اور ایک دو اصلاحی افسانے یادگار چھوڑے، ’’الاسلام‘‘ اور ’’تاریخ اسلام‘‘ مرحوم کی بہترین تصنیفات ہیں، مرحوم کی عمر غالباً کم و بیش ستر (۷۰) ہوگی۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، اگست ۱۹۲۸ء)
Previous literature reveals diverse aspects of Balāghah (Arabic Rhetoric) and Majāz (figurative language), but very scanty literature exists on the evolution of both Balāghah and Majāz in Arabic language. This paper attempts to take an exhaustive review the existing literature in order to find out the stages and the factors which helped in the evolution of Balāghah and Majāz. The review reveals that the factors for development of Balāghah in Arabic language and rhetoric are figures of profane literature and their modification, evolution from oral tradition to written tradition, doctrine of ᾽I‛cjāz, doctrine of laḥn and Greek literature. The review also revealed the gradual evolution of Majāz through various stages which culminated in the works of Al-Jurjāni (d.471). The paper argues that Arabic rhetoric has remained stagnant since Al-Jurjāni, and it needs innovation in light of modern linguistic theories. This paper is a modest contribution to the literature on Arabic rhetoric and Majāz which may help the researchers working on Arabic rhetoric and metaphor, but it would recommend further research of classical and modern literature in order to achieve more insights on the evolution and development of Arabic rhetoric
Abrogation and Appropriation in Selected Novels of Chinua Achebe And Jamaica Kincaid The research was designed to find out abrogation and appropriation, concepts of postcolonial theory, in the novels, Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe and, Annie John and A Small Place by Jamaica Kincaid. The study also aimed at determining whether abrogation and appropriation become theoretical bases of the novels or not. Moreover, it was meant for knowing the extent to which these two writers have successfully incorporated abrogation and appropriation in their works delimited for the study. Qualitative technique, which relates to or involves comparisons based on qualities of the text of the works, was used for content analysis in the research. The texts of the three novels were deeply studied to search out the various techniques of twisting and subverting language, utilized by the writers, to convey their message of protest in suppressed voice as well as acerbic tone, in postcolonial context. Postcolonial writers reduced Standard English to interior dialect, “english” to record their protest. The data analysis reflects that these writers have great mastery in incorporating abrogation and appropriation in their novels taken for the study. Colonizers, wrongly, considered the people of their colonies as uncultured and backward. In the final, recommendations for future research were given for new researchers working in the area abrogation and appropriation. Through research, it has been found that the texts of these novels contain abrogation and appropriation in the context of postcolonial theory. Various techniques and methods of abrogation and appropriation have been found out during the content analysis of the texts of the selected works. However, both the writers have been found different in their styles while manipulating the Standard English to the lower degree of inferior dialect or reducing it to “english” only.