1۔ ججزکا کردار
اسلام کے ابتدائی دور میں قاضی کے تقرر کے لیے شرائط مندرجہ ذیل تھیں: مکلف ہو، جسمانی طور پر صحت مند ہو اور تعلیمی قابلیت مجتہد والی صفات موجود ہوں ۔ اس کے علاوہ لوگوں کی نفسیات سے واقف ہو۔خلیفہ خو د قضاۃ کا تقرر کرتا تھا۔ بنوعباس کے دور میں البتہ قاضی القضاۃ کا عہدہ پہلی بار متعارف ہوا۔ اس عہدہ جلیلہ پر فائز ہونے والی شخصیت قاضی ابویوسف ؒ کی ہے ۔ان کو بھی اختیار حاصل تھا کہ وہ تین براعظموں پر مشتمل اس ریاست کے قاضی کا تقرر کر سکیں۔صد ر ِاسلام میں نظام قضاء کے لیے قاضی کو جن امورکا خیال رکھنا پڑتا تھا اورفیصلہ دینے کا طریقہ کار کیا تھا۔ اس حوالے سے حضرت عمر کا ایک خط جو آپ نے حضرت ابو موسیٰ اشعری کو لکھا تھا ان میں سے اکثر تفصیلات کو سموئے ہوئے ہے ۔ السنن الکبرٰی للبیہقی اورالدارقطنی ؒنے یہ خط ان الفاظ کے ساتھ نقل کیا ہے
"كتب عمر إلى أبي موسى أما بعد فإن القضاء فريضة محكمة وسنة متبعة فافهم إذا أدلى إليك فإنه لا ينفع تكلم بحق لا نفاذ له آس الناسي في مجلسك وفي وجهك وقضائك حتى لا يطمع شريف في حيفك ولا ييأس ضعيف من عدلك البينة على المدعي واليمين على من أنكر والصلح جائز بين المسلمين إلا صلحا أحل حراما أو حرم حلالا ومن ادعى حقا غائبا أو بينة فاضرب له أمدا ينتهي إليه فإن بينه أعطيته بحقه وإن أعجزه ذلك استحللت عليه القضية فإن ذلك هو أبلغ في العذر وأجلى للعلماء ولا يمنعنك قضاء قضيت فيه اليوم فراجعت فيه رأيك فهديت فيه لرشدك أن تراجع فيه الحق فإن الحق قديم لا يبطله شيء ومراجعة الحق خير من التمادي في الباطل والمسلمون عدول بعضهم على بعض إلا مجربا عليه شهادة زور أو مجلودا في حد أو...
Allah Almighty has created abundance of natural resources(air, water, plants, animals) for the benefit of man. Air is considered one of the basic necessity for life on Earth. Air pollution is a major and serious problem of the contemporary world. Rapidly spreading large crowded cities, modern transport, installation of industries and thermal power stations are the main causes of air pollution. A large number of Industries, power-generating stations, construction projects, brick Kilns and toxic solid wastes are polluting the atmosphere badly. The transport like buses, trucks, auto rickshaws, airplanes and internal combustion engines are main sources of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and lead pollution in the air. The toxic gases, smog and smoke of industries are affecting humane, animal and plant life rapidly. Treatment devices are not installed in industries and brick kilns to remove harmful gases before releasing smoke into the atmosphere. This research work explores that Air pollution is the core issue of the entire world, which requires immediate action for removal of pollution from the air. Test results of air quality indicate that major part of Pakistani population is living at the risk of air pollution. Islam clearly commands each individual to avoid negative and destructive actions. This Study explores that Air pollution can be abated and minimized by adopting Islamic precautionary measures about air cleanliness.
Studies to assess the response of spring planted sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to exogenous application of abscisic acid following different irrigation schedules were carried out at the Agronomic Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan were conducted for two consecutive years; 2008 and 2009. In one experiment, three irrigation schedules viz. four irrigations (25 DAS, bud initiation, flower initiation and achene formation), three irrigations (25 DAS, flower initiation and achene formation) and three irrigations (25 DAS, bud initiation, and achene formation) were subjected to exogenous application of different concentrations (0, 5μm and 10μm) of ABA at bud initiation or at flower initiation. In the 2 nd experiment different irrigation and ABA application schedules i.e. four irrigations (25 DAS, at bud initiation, at flower initiation and at achene formation) and no ABA, three irrigations (25 DAS, at flower initiation and at achene formation) and no ABA, three irrigations (25 DAS, at flower initiation and at achene formation) and ABA spray at bud initiation, three irrigations (25 DAS, at bud initiation and at achene formation) and no ABA, three irrigations(25 DAS, at bud initiation and at achene formation) and ABA spray at flower initiation were tested for three hybrids (DK-4040, S-278 and SF-187). The experiments were laid out in randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement and with three replications in each experiment. In the 1 st experiment exogenous application of 5μM ABA under drought at bud initiation stage significantly increased plant height, head diameter, number of achenes per head, 1000-achene weight, achene yield and oil yield over no ABA. It also improved water relations of sunflower by improving water potential and turgor pressure and decreased amount of compatible solutes which indicates that exogenous application of ABA was helpful in enhancing drought tolerance in sunflower. Foliar application of 5μM ABA at flower initiation under drought stress at this stage also increased plant height, head diameter, number of achenes per head, 1000-achene weight, achene yield and oil yield over no ABA but this increase was lesser than exogenous application of 5μM ABA at bud initiation after imposition of drought stress at this stage. In the 2 nd experiment exogenous application of ABA under drought at either stage (bud or flower initiation) was helpful in ameliorating drought stress in sunflower hybrids; however response was better when ABA was applied at bud initiation than at flower initiation. Sunflower hybrid DK-4040 showed better enhancement of drought tolerance by exogenous application of ABA than SF-187 and S-278 because it showed more improvement in agronomic parameters, growth, quality, water relations and compatible solutes.