مولانا معین الدین اجمیری
دوسرا حادثۂ وفات حضرت مولانا معین الدین اجمیری کاہے جو ۱۰ محرم الحرام ۱۳۵۹ھ کواجمیرمیں پیش آیا۔مولانا کی ذات ہندوستان کے علماء میں ایک نمایاں مقام رکھتی تھی وہ علم وعمل دونوں کے پیکر تھے۔منطق وفلسفہ میں ان کومولانا ابوالبرکات ٹونکی مرحوم سے تلمذ خاص حاصل تھا، لیکن عام علماء منطق وفلسفہ کے برخلاف وہ دینیات اورعلوم قرآن وحدیث میں بھی درخور وافر رکھتے تھے۔اجمیر میں کتاب وسنت کی روشنی جو کچھ نظر آتی ہے اُنہی کے دم سے قائم تھی۔پھر طرفہ یہ ہے کہ وہ صرف ارباب درس وتدریس اوراصحاب وعظ وارشاد میں سے ہی نہ تھے بلکہ اُن کاشمار اُن ابطال عزیمت وحریت میں تھا جواعلاء کلمۃ اﷲ کی خاطر کانٹوں سے بھری ہوئی راہ کو دیکھ کر دل میں ذراخوف وہراس محسوس نہیں کرتے، اور ’’دل خوش ہواہے راہ کوپُرخار دیکھ کر‘‘پڑھتے ہوئے اُسے اپنے لیے’’تختہ گل‘‘ جان کربے خوف وخطر عبورکرجاتے ہیں اور’’بخاک وخون غلطیدن‘‘کو’’عاشقان پاک طینت‘‘کاشیوۂ خوش یقین کرنے کے باعث دست قاتل کے لیے اُن کی زبان سے بکمال خندہ پیشانی احسنت ولبیک کانعرہ بیساختہ نکل جاتاہے ۔وہ جمعیتہ علماء ہند کے سرگرم کارکن تھے، اُنہوں نے اس مجلس کے سالانہ اجلاس امروہہ کی صدارت اُس پُرآشوب زمانہ میں کی جبکہ ہندوستان کشمکش حریت و آمریت کی طوفان خیزیوں کے باعث ایک نہایت ہی خطرناک دور سے گذر رہا تھا اورجبکہ ملک میں عام داروگیر نے سخت اضطراب وہیجان پیداکررکھا تھا وہ اپنے عزائم میں پہاڑ کی طرح مضبوط تھے۔جرم حریت کوشی کی پاداش میں جیل خانہ بھی گئے لیکن علالت کے باوجود ان سب تکلیفوں کوہنسی خوشی برداشت کرگئے اوران کی جبین استقلال وہمت مایوسی وخوف کی ایک شکن سے بھی آشنا نہیں ہوئی۔ مسلمانوں میں جوقحط الرجال پایا جاتاہے، اُس کے پیش نظر مولانا ایسے جامع کمالات اورپیکر علم وعمل کاسانحۂ مرگ یقینا بہت زیادہ...
Management of Islamic education in pesantren needs to return to its historical roots in order to confirm the identity, character, distinctiveness and uniqueness. There is a spirit that is timeless, even the underlying model of ideal education in the contemporary era. Development of Islamic epistemology for education should be able to give birth to a generation of Muslims who worships in the field of religion and experts in the field of science and technology. Pesantren as an educational institution of Islam with a good management should be able to play its role to achieve this goal. Whereas in fact there who think that pesantren have not been able to put its strategic position in the development of science in accordance with the times. Nevertheless, the existence of Islamic educational institutions such as pesantren is evidence that pesantren have been organized in a good management so that it can survive in changing times from time to time. More precisely knowing Islamic education management in pesantren from the perspective of epistemology may illustrate that pesantren will continue to be needed to confront the changing times.
The present project was conducted with aim to provide information on ethnomedicinal uses, biological screening, antioxidant potential, antileishmanial, antiglycation, immunomodulatory and anticancer activates of the medicinal plants from Galliyat region of western Himalaya, Pakistan. The present study provides information on the ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants in the Galliyat area of Western Himalaya, Pakistan. This study includes 45 medicinal plants including 38 angiosperms, 4 gymosperms and 3 pteridophytes. The inhabitants of the area utilized different parts of the plants for the medication purposes involve; leaves (19 sp.), root (11 sp.), fruit (7 sp.), flower (7 sp.), bark (6 sp.), seed (5 sp.), aerial parts (4 sp.), whole plants (3 sp.), rhizome (3 sp.) and wood (2 sp.). Major source of the ethnobotanical data were old age peoples and traditional practitioners. Women have more knowledge as compared to the males. The biological screenings of medicinal plants were carried out for 10 selected medicinal plants include: Geranium collinum Steph. ex Willd., Persicaria barbata (L.) Hara, Impatiens edgeworthii Hook. f., Rubia cordifolia L., Clematis grata Wall., Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet., Berberis lycium Royle., Artemisia vulgaris L., Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb., and Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. Antibacterial activities of selected medicinal plants showed different response against bacterial species. Geranium collinum exhibited the maximum antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus aerogenes respectively. While Persicaria barbata showed the maximum activity against Bacillus subtilus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively. Antioxidant potential of these medicinal plants was investigated by using multiple approaches include DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging assay at modified experimental condition. Six conditions (15 min/25°C, 60 min/25°C, 120 min/25°C, 15 min/37°C, 60 min/37°C and 120 min/37°C) were selected. Higher activity was observed at 120min > 60min > 15min represent the time dependent phenomenon. Temperature also represents a significant impact on the antioxidant activity. However more antioxidant activity was observed at Human body temperature (37°C) as compared to room temperature (25°C). In ABTS (2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoneline-6- xiv sulphonic acid) radical scavenging assay Geranium collinum represent the best activity. Hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity produced very good result as majority of plants produced significant results include Geranium collinum, Persicaria barbata, Clematis grata, and Rubia cordifolia. During phosphomolybdinum assay, Boerhavia procumbens, Artemisia vulgaris, Berberis lycium, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Persicaria barbata, and Rubia cordifolia showed the significant results. Persicaria barbata exhibited the best result for FRAP (Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power) assay. The medicinal plants screened in antileishmanial assay produced interesting results against Leishmania major. All plants produced highly significant results except the Capsella bursa-pastoris which showed closed response to Glucantime (standard drug). Antiglycation capabilities of the medicinal plants revealed that Persicaria barbata, Geranium collinum and Berberis lycium have significant potential to inhibit the formation of the advanced glycation end-products. In immunomodulatory studies Geranium collinum, Artemisia vulgaris, Boerhavia procumbens, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Clematis grata, Rubia cordifolia, and Persicaria barbata showed the significant immunomodulatory effects. Geranium collinum, Impatiens edgeworthi and Rubia cordifolia showed the significant activity against human prostate cancer cell line (PC 3). Geranium collinum was considered to present the significant result against the Human lung carcinoma (LU-1). In-case of human prostate adenocarcinoma (LNCaP-1), Geranium collinum and Geranium wallichianum produced the significant results. It is concluded that Geranium collinum, Persicaria barbata and Geranium wallichianum showed the best results of all performed activities in comparison to other plants in the study. Geranium collinum enjoy the least literature background and all the activities were performed for the first time for this plant. In some experiments it displayed better response than reference compound used in the study. Many of the biological activities were performed for the first time in case of various plants. The potential of medicinal plants involving the aspects of ethnomedicinal investigation, antioxidant activities, antiglycation assay, antileishmanial assay, immunomodulatory studies and anticancer studies would prove to be useful for pharmaceutical industry, students and scientific community for further research in this area.