دریائے چناب جوچن اور آب کا مرکب ہے ۔نیز چندرا اور بھاگا دو دریاؤں کے ملنے سے وجود میں آیا ،ایک طرف تو (چن اور آب )حسن و خوب صورتی کا استعارا ہے تو دوسری طرف(چندرا بھاگا) معنوی لحاظ سے چاند کی قسمت لیے ہوئے ہے۔ اسی لئے اسے دریائے حسن و عشق کے نام سے بھی تعبیر کیا جاتا ہے اور سب جانتے ہیں کہ حسن اور عشق لازم و ملزوم ہیں ۔ یعنی جہاں حسن ہوتا ہے وہاں عشق ہوتا ہے ۔حسن میں جمالیات اور عشق میں جمالیاتی حظ اور ذوق ہوتا ہے ۔یہ حظ اور ذوق تخلیق کا باعث بنتے ہیں ۔شاعری اور ادب چوں کہ تخلیقی عمل ہے ،لہٰذا اس سارے سلسلے کو ایک دوسرے سے جدا نہیں کیا جاسکتا۔ جہاں دریائے چناب کا تعلق ہے تو اسے دانشورانِ عصر نے بہت سوچ سمجھ کر دریائے حسن و عشق کا نام دیا ہے ۔کیوں کہ اس کے کناروں پر آباد بستیوں میں بسنے والوں کو خالقِ کائنات نے حسنِ وافر عنایت فرمایا ہے جس نے عشق کی بنیاد رکھی۔یہی حسنِ وافراور عشق ادب کی تخلیق کا باعث ٹھہرا ہے ۔ سیالکوٹ بھی دریائے چناب کے کنارے ایک ایسی ہی بستی ہے جہاں دیگر شعبہ ہائے زندگی کے ساتھ ساتھ عکسِ زندگی اور نقدِ زندگی کی بھی فراوانی ہے۔اس دھرتی پر زندگی کا عکس پیش کرنے اور زندگی کو اپنی تنقیدی صلاحیتوں سے نکھارنے والی ایسی ایسی شخصیات نے جنم لیا جو قومی اور بین الاقوامی سطح پر اس دھرتی کی پہچان بنیں ۔ان معتبر شخصیات میں سے بہت سا ذکر آپ کو ’’تاریخِ ادبیاتِ سیالکوٹ‘‘ میں پڑھنے کو ملے گا لیکن تحقیق میں چوں کہ حرفِ آخر نہیں ہوتا اس لئے اس تحقیق میں بھی کئی نام ایسے رہ گئے ہیں جن کا ادبی مقام کسی سے ڈھکا چھپا نہیں۔اِس...
The research situates link between the graduate researches in four academic institutes of Islamabad and analyzes its impact on the public policy. The study explores the relevance of graduate research trajectory followed by various academic departments of four major federal universities in Pakistan in formulation and execution of public policy. The author collected last five years graduate level dissertation titles from four federal universities and classified them by using thematic approach. An interview guide/questionnaire is prepared accordingly. Chairpersons, deans, professors, bureaucrats, and parliamentarians were approached for semi-structured, in-depth interviews. This is a qualitative study using thematic and analytical approach. The research finds a lack of cohesion between the graduate research trajectory and policy needs of the public institutions. The absence of a national research vision and collaborative framework, difference in training cultures of bureaucracy and academia, lack of logistic support system, defective learning strategies, and an overall neglect for social sciences are the major reasons for incoherence. The analytical correlation of the recorded opinions reveals opportunities to maximize the relevance of the academic research in public policy domain
This thesis is devoted to analyze the existence as well as the dynamics of some celestial objects in various well-known modified gravity theories. In this framework, we explore the evolution of spherical self-gravitating structures in the realm of f(R), f(R, T) and f(G, T) theories, where R, T and G are the Ricci scalar, trace of stress energy tensor and the Gauss-Bonnet term, respectively. It has been a fascinating challenge to find the realistic configurations of stellar models in different modified theories gravity. In order to achieve this goal, we have considered the observational values of three notable strange compact stars, namely Her X-1, SAX J1808.4-3658, and 4U 1820- 30. The solutions obtained by Krori and Barua are used to examine the nature of particular compact stars with three different modified gravity models. The behavior of material variables is analyzed through plots. We also discuss the behavior of different forces, equation of state parameter, measure of anisotropy and Tolmann- Oppenheimer-Volkoff equation in the modeling of stellar structures. The comparison from our graphical representations may provide evidences for the realistic and viable f(R), f(R, T) and f(G, T) gravity models at both theoretical and astrophysical scale. We also investigate the wormhole solutions with spherically symmetric geometry in f(R, T) gravity. We discuss three different cases for matter contents namely, anisotropic, barotropic and isotropic fluid configurations. We consider few notable mathematical formulations of f(R, T) model to analyze the behavior of energy conditions and to explore the general conditions for wormholes in the framework of modified theories. It is observed that the usual matter in the throat may satisfy the energy conditions but the gravitational field emerging from higher order terms of modified xvi xvii gravity favor the existence of the non-standard geometries of wormholes. We represent this investigation via plots and examined the equilibrium picture in the background of anisotropic fluid. The stability and existence of these wormholes is also analyzed in this theory. Finally, the role of modified versions of structure scalars are analyzed in the modeling of relativistic spheres in f(R, T) gravity. We assume that non-static diagonally symmetric geometry is coupled with dissipative anisotropic viscous fluid distributions in the presence of f(R, T) dark source terms. A specific distributions of f(R, T) cosmic model has been assumed and the spherical mass function through generic formula introduced by Misner-Sharp has been formulated. Some very important relations regarding Weyl scalar, matter variables and mass functions are being computed. After decomposing orthogonally the Riemann tensor, some scalar variables in the presence of f(R, T) extra degrees of freedom are calculated. The effects of the modified structure scalars in the modeling of stars through Weyl, shear and expansion scalar differential equations are investigated. The energy density irregularity factor has been calculated for anisotropic radiating spherical stars with varying Ricci scalar corrections.