یوم سیاہ
اج وی ساکوں یاد اے مرشد
پہرے دار دی گھات
یارہاں سال دی رات
پیریں اچ زنجیراں پا کے
نچدے گاندے لوگ
بلھے شاہ اساں مرنا ناہیں
وسدی راہسی جھوک
Liver plays an important role in lipid metabolism and any acute or chronic malfunction of the liver due to viral hepatitis or liver cirrhosis may induce lipid derangements Objective: To determine the patterns of deranged lipid profiles in patients of chronic hepatitis C Methods: It is a prospective, observational study, conducted at Medicine Department, Mayo Hospital Lahore for 6 months i.e.1stJanuary to 30th June 2018. After the ethical approval, 160 diagnosed cases of chronic hepatitis C of ages 18-70 years of either gender were selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Informed written consent was taken. Demographic information such as name, age and gender were recorded. Venous blood samples from patients after 10 to 14 hours of fasting were drawn for lipid profiles and sent to pathology laboratory. All results were expressed as mg/dl. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 22 Results: Out of 160 patients in this study, there were 94 males and 66 females. Total cholesterol was lower in 62.5% patients, normal in 33.75% patients and higher in 3.75% patients. Triglycerides levels were low in 66.25%, normal in 33.125%, and high in 0.625% patients. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were low in 82.5% patients, normal in 10% and raised in 7.5% patients. High density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were low in 95%, normal in 4.375% & high in 0.625% patients Conclusions: Low levels of serum lipids including total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL are seen in population suffering from chronic HCV infection.
Education is a process of transferring knowledge, culture and tradition of one generation to the next. The teacher is the main agent who performs his part in the process of education. A UNESCO sponsored study of four countries (Bangladesh, Nepal, India and Pakistan) conducted in 2000, shows that the female teachers perform better than male teachers in earlier grades. The purpose of this study was to draw a comparison between male and female teachers working at elementary level in government boys schools in the province of Punjab. The objectives of the study were: (i) to compare the performance of male and female teachers working in boys schools at elementary level in rural areas; (ii) to compare the performance of male and female teachers working in boys schools at elementary level in urban areas; (iii) to compare the performance of male teachers working in boys schools in rural areas with those of working in urban areas; (iv) to compare the performance of female teachers working in boys schools in rural areas with those of working in urban areas; and (v) to compare the performance of male and female teachers working in boys schools at elementary level. In this study, pre-test and post-test were used. Sixty-eight (68) students of grade 4 and sixteen (16) teachers were the sample of study. From each school thirty four (34) students and eight (8) teachers were selected as sample of study. Each group comprised of seventeen (17) students. The data collected through pre-test and post-test were analyzed by applying t-test and one way ANOVA. Significance of difference between both the comparison groups in pre-test and post-test was analyzed by using t-test at 0.05 level. The major findings of the study were; The performance of urban male teachers was better than the rural teachers in the subjects of Urdu, Maths, Science and English while the performance of urban female teachers was xv 16 better than rural female teachers in all these subjects. However, female teachers performed better than male teachers in the subjects of Urdu, Science and English except Maths while female teachers working in urban areas gave better results than male teachers working in urban area schools in the subject of Urdu, Science and English except Maths. It is recommended that Female teachers may be appointed at primary level in boys schools. Male teachers may be appointed for the teaching of mathematics at elementary level. Residence and transport facilities may be provided to the teachers working in rural areas. Every teacher may be bound to serve in rural area at least for five years during his/her job. Teaching facilities and infrastructure of elementary level may be improved. Female teachers may be provided additional training for teaching of mathematics. A handsome amount may be given in the shape of unattractive/hard area allowance to the teachers working in rural areas.