انسانی زندگی میں جنات کے اثرات

Among different creations of Allāh, Jinnāt have their own independent existence. By essence, they neither belong to the human race nor to the angelic world. One commonality between Jinnāt and human beings is that they both are provided with consciousness and can practice their own free-will in terms of choosing what is right and what is wrong, while angles are deprived of this ability. Jinnāt are mentioned in numerous places in the Qur’ān and the Aḥādīth of the Prophet SAW, so much so that it would be unreasonable to deny their existence. Henceforth, the scholars from every period of time have acknowledged their existence and it wouldn’t be wrong to claim that they all share almost similar views on them. Likewise, every Muslim group acknowledged their existence with the exception of Jahmīyah and Mu‘tazilah. As far as Jews and Christians are concerned, they too like Muslims believe in the existence of Jinnāt. To summarize, it is proven by means of multiplicity (Tawātur) of report from all the Prophets and Messengers and therefore, every follower of the heavenly religion has some sort of belief in the existence of Jinnāt. As far as their influence on the human beings is concerned, there are three major views prevailing among Muslims.  There are those who completely deny their existence and therefore, do not in anyway acknowledge their influence on human life. Then there are those who do believe in their existence but are of the opinion that they remain aloof from human beings and therefore, have no influence on the human life. The third opinion which is the opinion of the majority of the scholars is that not only Jinnāt exist but they have the power to influence and affect human beings as well. In this treatise, the opinion of the proponents of the third view is analyzed and their evidences from Qur’ān and Sunnah are discussed.

Constraints of Management Dynamics of Higher Education in Pakistan

Teaching and learning have been at the heart of education since inception of mankind in this world. Good teaching has not only been a source of cognitive development but also a crucial source of moral and intellectual inspiration for the newcomers into the academic community. Higher education is meant to develop the ability of a student to think clearly, logically and honestly and to promote clear and critical thinking. This study contributes towards the understanding of the major constraints of management dynamics of higher education in Pakistan. The major constraints are Financial, socio-cultural, technological, availability of skilled man power, quality and of infrastructure, which were taken as independent variables and constraints of management dynamics of higher education as dependent variable. Higher Education Commission of Pakistan is putting serious efforts to overcome these main constraints to promote higher education in Pakistan. Three different public universities namely Quaid-I-Azim University, International Islamic University and Federal Urdu University of Science and Technology based in Islamabad were studied to collect in depth knowledge in the form of primary data about different constraints of higher education faced by students studying at higher levels (Masters, M.Phil and Ph.D). Enough of the already available relevant literature was studied and Interpretation of the data gave us the findings that concrete measures must be formulated and implemented by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan to minimize the deteriorating impact of these constraints for the management of higher education in Pakistan and strategic plans must be introduced in higher education similar to that of corporate world.