Al-Sukākī’s Classification of Metaphor and Qurānic Discourse

The present study is divided into two main sections; the first section will give a general overview about the figurative language and more focus on metaphor (istiᶜārah in Arabic) because the metaphor is considered as one of the most literary devices and the main category of the figurative language. So in this study has given various definitions of figurative language and metaphor according to Muslims and Non-Muslims linguists and along with this explained Al-sukākī’s classification of metaphor which is little close to Al-Jurjānī’s classification of metaphor and view respectably among Muslims and Non-Muslims linguists. The second section of this study deals with metaphors given in Holy Qur'ān, which are denoted according to Al-sukākī’s classification in this respect. In this reference the verses are presented with detailed tafsīrī literature so the reader could well comprehend the purposes and the classical aspect of metaphors in text and also could evaluate linguistic architecture of  Holy Qur'ān.

Expression and Transformation Studies of Antifreeze Protein Gene of Carrot in Potato

The Antifreeze protein gene (1.022Kb) from local of D.carrota cultivar T29 was amplified from four weeks old seedling leave tissue genomic DNA. The PCR amplified gene was cloned in TA-Cloning vector pCR2.1. The cloned DcAFP gene was then sequenced, the DNA BLAST homology with wild carrot AFP was 96.1%. The 999bp gene of DcAFP from T29 cultivar was translated into amino acid sequence, the translated amino acid sequence when aligned with wild carrot AFP gene of amino acid sequence. The gene has 13 amino acid variability. The Asparagine amino acid residues which play an important role as an ice interacting/ice binding sites were intact as in wild species of carrot amino acid sequence, but extra three Asparagine amino acid were noted in 332 amino acid gene sequence as in the case of DcAFP (T29). The 944bp DNA sequence that code the mature peptide of DcAFP was cloned in pET15b E.coli expression vector. The IPTG induced 36kDa protein detected from the BL21 expression host transformed with expression plasmid. The 36kDa recombinant protein inclusion refolded and purified for polyclonal antibody production. Purified IgG of DcAFP was used in western blot, protein dot blot and ELISA analysis of transgenic potato lines. The 999bp full length gene was ligated in pCAMBIA-1301 without selection marker. Plant expression construct pCAMBIA1301hph - DcAFP (T29) was transformed in Agrobacterium host strain LBA4404. Agrobacterium with pCAMBIA construct was transformed in potato nodal explant. The transgenic plant first selected by PCR, DNA dot blot and GUS reporter assay. Stable integration confirmed by southern blot analysis. The DcAFP mRNA detected by Northern blotting after cold induction of transgenic potato plants. DcAFP protein detected by protein dot blot and western blotting methodologies. The sandwich ELISA was successfully done for expressed protein estimation in transgenic potato lines. The stable potato transgenic lines were tested with ILA (Ion Leakage Assay), which results are significant when compared with the control plants. It was noted that due to DcAFP protein expression in transgenic potato lines demonstrating that transgenic plants are tolerating the frost temperature.