تاويل مختلف الحديث کی ترتیب وتدوین میں ابن قتیبہ کا منہج واسلوب

Quran and sunnah are main sources of teachings of Islam. They were transferred to the generations through Ḥadīth. There are myriads of disciplines that have been introduced by traditionalists for the uthenticity and implication of Ḥadīth. Mukhtalif-al-Ḥadīth is one of these disciplines and “Ta'wil o Muḳhtalif-al-Ḥadīth ”has been written on Mukhtalif-alḤadīth by Abdullāh ibn Muslim ibn Qutayba alDīnawarī(d276 H). In his book, “Ta'wil Muḳhtalif al-Ḥadīth” he presented cogent arguments to reject certain baṭil sects or factions. He rejected twelve to fifteen sects like al-Muʿtazilah,  al-Khawārij, al-Qadarīyyah and al-Jabariyah etc. Ibn Qutaybah also tried to remove the conflicts existed in various Ḥadīths during his era. This article focusses the methodology adopted by the writer that has been discussed with the help of the examples from this book. This book consists of a preface and two lengthy chapters which include 106 Marfu' Ḥadīths. He inferred 57 issues from the Ḥadīths and gave satisfactory answers to the objections raised byrejectors of Ḥadīth. To remove these incongruences found in Ḥadīths, he benefitted Qurān, Ḥadīth, and Classical Arabic

Synthesis of Eco-Friendly Dyes

This research project had three aspects, 1. Synthesis of novel dyes, 2. Assessing their applications i.e. fastness properties etc. 3. Testing the synthesised dyes for their mutagenicity. Synthesis and evaluation of azo disperse dyes was done while using different aminoflavones (4 ́-Aminoflavone, 3 ́-Aminoflavone and 6- Aminoflavone), and coumarins (like 6-Amino-4-methylcoumarin and 4-Methyl- 7-hydroxy-coumarin). Dyes (16-75) have been synthesized by coupling the synthesized intermediates with the substituted aniline (1-10) as well as the naphthalene based couplers (11-15). The characterization of the dyes was done by Infrared, 1H-NMR, Mass Spectrometry, 13 C-NMR and Elemental analysis. Diazotization of the different heterocyclic amines (1a-10a).was carried out and the 4-Methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin was used as coupler to yield the dyes (76- 85). The synthesised dyes were applied on the polyester fabric and it proved to be effective as they gave good fastness properties. The dyes obtained had good fast colours ranging from orange to purple. Some of the synthesised dyes (16, 17, 20, 23, 24, 28) were also applied on the Nylon-lycra fabric and it gave good dyeing as well as good to moderate fastness properties. The yield of the dyes obtained was from 65-83 %. All the synthesised dyes were evaluated for their mutagenicity by undergoing standard Ames test. This was performed by using the Salmonella strains (TA 98 and TA 100) with and without S9 activation. The results of these mutagenicity results showed that almost all the dyes proved to be negative in the Ames test except the dyes having free amino group which can be attributed to be cause of their mutagenicity. The presence of the free amino group made these dyes more prone to be mutagenic as compared to the other dyes.