Critical Approach to Perceptions of Bernard Lewis Regarding Islamic Political & Social Practices

Bernard Lewis is a representative scholar of eastern studies and western thoughts, and he is the most influential political figure in the U.S politics. So his thoughts play an important and vital role in academic and political fields of the West. Most of his writings explore his prejudiced attitude toward Islam and Muslims. He wrote many books about the teachings of Islam. Islam being a universal religion is an interesting topic for western intelligentsia like Lewis. There are many institutes of Islamic studies in their universities and many think tanks are working on various aspects of Islamic teaching for multiple purposes. In some educational institutions of the west revisionist orientalists such as Andrew Rippin are teaching Islamic thoughts from a critical and revisionist perspective which is quite contrary to the traditional Islamic teachings. Bernard Lewis is attached with The RAND cooperation (the most influential think tank of U.S.A) and most of his writings are evident of his prejudiced theories about political and social practices of Muslims.

Investigating Protein Semantic Similarity Measurement and its Correlation With Sequence Similarity

Protein sequence similarity is commonly used to compare proteins, and to search for proteins similar to a query protein. With the growing use of biomedical ontologies, especially Gene Ontology (GO), semantic similarity between ontology terms, proteins and genes is getting attention of researchers. Protein semantic similarity measurement has many applications in bioinformatics, including protein function prediction and protein-protein interactions. Semantic similarity measures were proposed by Resnik, Jiang and Conrath, and Lin. Recent measures include Wang and AIC. The question whether the semantic similarity has a strong correlation with sequence similarity, has been addressed by some authors. It has been reported that such correlation exists, and it has been used for the evaluation of semantic similarity computation methods as well as for protein function prediction. We investigate the correlation between semantic similarity and sequence similarity using graphs, Pearson''s correlation coe cient and example proteins. Wend that there is no strong correlation between the two similarity measures. Pearson''s correlation coef- cient is not su cient to explain the nature of this relationship, if not accompanied by graph analysis. Wend that there are several pairs with low sequence similarity and high semantic similarity, but very few pairs with high sequence similarity and low semantic similarity. Interestingly, the correlation coe cient depends only on the number of common GO terms in proteins under comparison. We propose a novel method SemSim for semantic similarity measurement. It addresses the limitations of existing methods, and computes similarity in two steps. In therst step, SimGIC like approach is used where contribution of common ancestors is divided by contribution of all ancestors. In the second step, we use two new factors: Speci city computed from ontology based information content, and Uniqueness computed from annotation based information content. Thenal result, after applying these two factors, makes clear distinction between the generalized and specialized terms. We conducted experiments on protein pairs having evidence of high similarity, and the ones having evidence of low similarity. Experiments show that SemSim performs better than the previous measures in both cases. When semantic similarity is used for searching proteins from large databases, the speed issue becomes signi cant. To search for proteins similar to a query protein having m annotations, from the database of p proteins, p m n g comparisons would be required. Here n is the average annotations per protein, g is the complexity of GO term similarity computation algorithm, and it is assumed that each term of one protein is compared with each term of the other. We propose a method SimExact that is suitable for high speed searching of semantically similar proteins. Although SimExact works on common terms only, our experiments show that it gives correct results required for protein semantic searching. SimExact can be used as a pre processor, generating candidate list for the existing methods, which proceed for further computation. Such arrangement will gain high speed while retaining the accuracy of the given method. We provide online tool that generates a ranked list of the proteins similar to a query protein, with a response time of less than 8 seconds in our setup. We use SimExact to search for protein pairs having high disparity between semantic similarity and sequence similarity. SimExact makes such searches possible, which would be NP-hard otherwise.