مرزا غلام احمدکے حالات زندگی
پیدائش
مرزا غلام احمد(۱۸۳۷ء۔ ۱۹۰۸ء) کی پیدائش سکھ حکومت کے آخری عہد میں پنجاب ضلع گورداسپور کے ایک قصبے قادیان میں ہوئی۔ یہ قصبہ امرتسر کے شمال مشرق میں ریلوے لائن پر ایک پرانے شہربٹالہ سے صرف گیارہ میل کے فاصلے پر واقع ہے۔ مرزا کی تاریخ پیدائش اگرچہ صاف اور واضح نہیں تاہم اُن کی اپنی کتابوں میں پیدائش کے بارے میں تذکرہ موجود ہے۔ جس کے بارے میں وہ خود یوں بیان کرتا ہے۔
’’اب میرے ذاتی سوانح یہ ہیں کہ میری پیدائش ۱۸۳۹ء یا ۱۸۴۰ء میں سکھوں کے آخری وقت میں ہوئی اور میں ۱۸۵۷ء میں سولہ سترھویں برس میں تھا۔ ابھی ریش و بروت کا آغاز نہیں ہوا تھا‘‘[1]۔
سن پیدائش کے بارے میں یہ بات ذہن نشین رہے کہ مرزا بشیر الدین محمود
نے جو سپاسنامہ۱۹۲۲ء میں حکومت برطانیہ کو پیش کیا تھا اس میں اس نے مرزا غلام احمد کا سن ولادت۱۸۳۶ء تحریر کیا ہے جس حساب سے۱۸۵۷ء کی جنگ آزادی کے وقت مرزا کی عمر ۲۱برس بنتی ہے۔ شیخ محمد اکرام نے مرزا کی تاریخ پیدائش ۱۸۳۷ء تحریر کی ہے[2]۔
تعلیم
مرزا نے ابتدائی تعلیم اپنے گھر پر ہی حاصل کی۔ بچپن کے زمانے میں اس کی تعلیم کچھ اس طرح سے ہوئی کہ جب وہ چھ سال کا ہوا تو ایک فارسی معلم رکھا گیا جس نے قرآن شریف اور چند فارسی کتابیں مرزا کو پڑھائیں۔ اس کے بعد ایک عربی خواں مولوی اس کی تربیت کے لئے مقرر کئے گئے۔ ایک شیعہ عالم مولوی گل علی شاہ سے فلسفہ، منطق اور حکمت کی کتابوں کا درس لیا اور...
The religion of Buddhism attributed to Siddhartha Gautama (563-482 B.C). Afterwards he came to be known by the name of "Buddha"(mean: awakened). The religion he founded stressed on universal compassion and monasticism. His concept of compassion flowing freely towards all creatures or all living being. That is why, Buddha has forbidden all kind of wars, battles and conflicts as they cause ferocity or bloodshed. When Emperor Asoka (273-233 B.C.) accepted Buddhism as a true believer, then he set up good examples of piety, sympathy and compassion. If we look all around the modern age of Buddhism, they put off the peace living teachings of Gautama. The obvious example of that conduct is oppressive attacks on Rohingya Muslims. Since the £2012, (when the conflicts started between the Rohingya Muslims and the extremist Buddhist) innumerable Muslims are killed, mosques, houses and villages are being set on fire and destroyed.
Antenatal and Postnatal services are one of the most important maternal healthcare services for the prevention of impairments and disabilities resulting from childbirth. The present study has been designed to probe into the factors and believes behind utilization of antenatal and postnatal services. The study was conducted In the Punjab, the largest and most populated, province of Pakistan. The study was intended to gain immediate knowledge and information on attitudes and trends regarding utilization of antenatal and postnatal services in the Punjab Province. Three districts i.e. Rawalpindi, Faisalabad and Multan were selected through simple random sampling techniques. Out of the selected three districts two tehsils were selected from each district through random sampling technique. From each tehsil two union councils were selected and from each union council two villages were selected through random selection method. From each selected village 25 respondents were selected through purposive sampling technique; who fall under the specific criteria i.e. the mothers aged from 15-49 years having their last baby more than 6 months and less than five years old. Size of sample (600) was fixed using equal allocation method. A well-structured interview schedule about antenatal and postnatal services was designed for this purpose. The data thus, collected were fed to computer for analysis. Univeriate, bivariate and multivariate statistical methods were used for data analysis. It was found that a huge majority of the respondents had knowledge about the antenatal (97.3 percent) and postnatal (97 percent) care services and their source of information were LHWs and TBAs. A huge majority of the respondents (87.2 percent) reported that medical health facilities were available in their area. A substantial proportion of the respondents went to antenatal services due to illness, to check the well being of the fetus and immunization of themselves. More than a half of them visited antenatal care center because of complications during child birth. A majority of the respondents (72.5 percent) reported that they called a midwife at home for any service, 48.3 percent of the respondents delivered their baby at home, while 45.0 percent of them delivered their baby at a hospital in the sampled area. Education level of mothers and their husbands, family income, awareness and availability of antenatal services have positive and significant association with the utilization of antenatal services, whereas, influence of culture, cost of antenatal services, distance from health facility, age of the respondents and total live births had negative association with the utilization of antenatal services. Similarly education level of the respondents and their husbands, family income and availability of postnatal services have positive and significant association with the utilization of postnatal services. Influence of culture, distance of health care facilities and cost of postnatal services have negative and significant association with the utilization of postnatal services. A comprehensive training program should be designed at government level to train LHWs and TBAs to improve their knowledge and practice because a huge majority of rural women rely on them for information about antenatal and postnatal services.