Potential Analysis of Rural and Urban Land and Building Taxes in Minahasa Regency

The purpose of this study is to analyze the contribution of  Rural and Urban Land and Building Tax (PBB-P2) to Minahasa Regency Regional Revenue, the determinant factor of PBB-P2 revenue which has the most tax objects/subjects but has not contributed to Minahasa Regency Locally-generated revenue (PAD) and Strategies in seeking PBB-P2 in Minahasa Regency to provide real contribution to local revenue. This research method includes a qualitative approach and a quantitative approach to the BPPRETDA case study method. SWOT-Quadrant Analysis. The results of quadrant 1 position score 0.29 external opportunities & 0.12 internal strengths. Progressive action, the SO matrix is recommended by BPPRETDA to increase (NJOP & tax rate 0.3%), increase (officer education, facilities & tax revenue sharing), and collect PBB-P2 data. Potential Determination of Rp.134,128,478,400, - (11% Regional Revenue). It is necessary to determine the (Selling Value of Tax Object (NJOP) of land and buildings to be increased to near market prices with office work and field inspections and to support education, training for officers is needed to continue to be carried out in collaboration with the Ministry of Finance or independently by the Regional Government.

Isolation, Structural Characterization and Docking Studies of Antileishmanial Compound from Endophytic Fungi of Taxus Fuana

Parasitic diseases like leishmaniasis are major worldwide health problem. Suboptimal therapies and emergence of resistance demands the exploration of all possible sources to find a new drug against leishmaniasis. In this search, endophytes have emerged as an outstanding source of high metabolic diversity. These microorganisms have recently attracted increased attention in the quest of pharmaceutically important compounds. Present study describes the biological evaluation of five endophytic fungi Plectania milleri NFL1, Trichoderma asperellum NFL2, Paraconiothyrium sp. NFL6, Mucor hiemalis NFW6 and Epicoccum nigrum NFW7 isolated from Taxus fuana of West Himalayan region of Pakistan followed by isolation and identification of compounds from selected endophytic fungi with prime focus on their antileishmanial activity. Endophytic fungal strains were initially cultivated on four solid state media (PDA, SDA, modified taxol medium and rice) and extracted with organic solvent ethyl acetate. The crude extracts obtained after extraction, were evaluated in phytochemical assays to determine the total phenolic and total flavonoid content. Biological activities of the extracts were determined by three antioxidant assays (total antioxidant capacity, reducing power and DPPH free radical scavenging assay), antibacterial assay against 8 bacterial strains, antileishmanial assay against two Leishmania sp. i.e. L. tropica and L. amazonensis and anticancer assays by evaluating the inhibition of NFƙB and K-Ras. Cytotoxic potential was evaluated against four human cell lines i.e. prostate cancer cell line PC-3, human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29, estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Endophytic fungi showed variable biological activities with apparent effect of media used for fermentation. The highest amount of gallic acid equivalent phenolic and quercetin equivalent flavonoid content was found in M. hiemalis NFW6 and E. nigrum NFW7. While significant total antioxidant activity, total reducing power and DPPH scavenging activities were also exhibited by these two strains. Noteworthy antimicrobial activities were exhibited by P. milleri NFL1 and Paraconiothyrium sp. NFL6 particularly against S. epidermidis with zone of inhibition of 20 ± 0.87 and 20.7 ± 1.26 mm, respectively. Results for antileishmanial activities were pronounced xiiifor P. milleri NFL1 and M. hiemalis NFW6 against Leishmania sp. with IC 50 values of 1.5 ± 1.1 and 3.72 ± 1.7 μg/ml, respectively. Significant inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway (>70 %) was exhibited by P. milleri NFL1 and E. nigrum NFW7. Similarly, P. milleri NFL1 and T. asperellum NFL2 showed pronounced K-Ras inhibition (>60 %). Endophytic fungi expressed significant cytotoxic activities against all the cancerous cell lines except human colon adenocarcinoma cell line HT-29. Most promising results were observed against breast cancer cell line MCF-7 where P. milleri NFL1, T. asperellum NFL2 and Paraconiothyrium sp. NFL6 expressed greater than 75 % inhibition. P. milleri NFL1 was the only strain which showed cytotoxic activity against three tested cell lines i.e. PC-3, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Biological screening was followed by selection of P. milleri NFL1, M. hiemalis NFW6 and Paraconiothyrium sp. NFL6 for scale up fermentation and compound isolation. Crude extracts, obtained after the large scale fermentation of endophytic fungi, were fractionated by normal phase chromatography and subjected to antileishmanial assay for prioritizing fractions for compound isolation. Structure elucidation was done by 1D, 2D NMR along with mass spectrometry. As a result, three known compounds were isolated from P. milleri NFL1; pestalotin (L1F5F7F4), its analogue (L1F3F7) and galiellalactone (L1F4F4F4). M. hiemalis NFW6 resulted in the isolation of a single compound i.e. triolein (W6F4F4) while Paraconiothyrium sp. NFL6 also afforded one compound pachybasin (L6F8F14). All the compounds were evaluated for their antileishmanial and anticancer potential. Galiellalactone (L1F4F4F4) was the only compound with antileishmanial and anticancer activity among all the isolated compounds. Antileishmanial potential of galiellalactone has been reported in this study for the first time. In silico tools were employed in this study to understand the behavior of endophytic fungi produced compound galiellalactone (L1F4F4F4) with Leishmania proteins. Thorough study of the literature resulted in selection of three target proteins i.e. leishmanolysin, trypanothione reductase and cysteine protease in Leishmania. These proteins were selected on the basis of their essentiality for Leishmania and absence from human host. Unavailability of experimentally determined structure led to homology modelling of the selected proteins by using eight web-based servers. Comparative analysis was performed to select the most reliable protein model. xivIn silico evaluation of galiellalactone (L1F4F4F4) against leishmanial targets was completed by docking studies. The docking simulation between the ligand (L1F4F4F4) and target proteins was performed using AutoDock. Ligand-protein complex among all the three target protein was most stable in case of cysteine protease with hydrogen bond and electrostatic interactions and highest binding affinity of −6.5 kcal/mol. These findings give insights into possible action of galiellalactone against Leishmania. The Himalayan region of Pakistan has a huge biodiversity of medicinal plants including Taxus species. Antileishmanial potential of endophytes associated with Taxus fuana from this region has not been previously reported. These findings will highlight the bioactive potential of endophytic fungi and also act as a cornerstone for lead compounds for drug discovery and development.