حب الوطنی
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اساتذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے:’’حب الوطنی ‘‘
صدرِذی وقار!
جہاں تک حب اور محبت کا تعلق ہے تو کائنات رنگ و بو میں جتنا ذکر محبت کا ہوتا ہے شاید کوئی اور اصطلاح اتنی استعمال نہ ہوتی ہو ،کبھی کوئی اولاد سے محبت کا ذکر کرتا ہے۔ کبھی خوشبو سے محبت کا ذکر کیا جاتا ہے، کبھی دوستوں سے محبت کی پتنگیں بڑھائی جاتی ہیں،کبھی جائیداد سے محبت کا ذکر خیر ہوتا ہے بلکہ جائیداد کی محبت میں تو کشت و خون کا سلسلہ بھی روا رکھا جا تا ہے، سیم وزر سے محبت کی جاتی ہے۔ سونے چاندی کے اضانے میں اپنی تمام توانائیاں صرف کی جاتی ہیں، کوئی اولاد سے محبت کرتا ہے، کوئی مال سے محبت کرتا ہے، کوئی جان سے محبت کرتا ہے، اور وہ شخص کتنا خوش نصیب ہے جس کو اللہ اور اس کے رسولؐسے محبت ہوتی ہے۔
معزز سامعین!
بحیثیت مسلمان ہماری حقیقی محبت کا تقاضا یہی ہے کہ ہماری محبت کے جملہ پہلو سرورِ کائنات کی ذات با برکات کے لیے ہوں۔ اور آپؐ کے ساتھ محبت اس بات کی بھی متقاضی ہے کہ آپ کے ہر قول وفعل کو من وعن تسلیم کیا جائے اور پھر ہر زاویے سے اس پر عمل کرنے کی کوشش کی جائے ، اس میں ہماری دنیوی و اُخروی کامیابی ہے۔ سرکارِ دو عالمؐ کا ارشاد گرامی قدر ہے کہ حب الوطن من الایمان کہ وطن سے محبت ایمان سے ہے۔
صدرِذی وقار!
وطن کی محبت ایمان سے ہے اس کا اگر بنظر عمیق جائزہ لیں تو اسلام کے جملہ احکام بالخصوص اسی محبت کی تکمیل کے خواہاں ہیں۔...
The Concept of Collective Ijtihad and Introduction to Prominent Institutions in the Muslim World for resolving contemporary jurisprudential issues is a burning issue these days. Ijtihad is the effort made by the mujtahid in seeking knowledge of the ahkam (rules) of the Shariah through interpretation. It is a known fact the ahkam specifically and explicitly prescribed in the Holy Quran and Sunnah are limited, and as human society evolves, new problems come to the fore. This is the responsibility of mujtahid to present solution of the problems in the light of the rules and principles prescribed in the Holy Quran and Sunnah. This endeavor can take place in three shapes, first by an individual effort of a mujtahid, second by a group of in the form of collective ijtihad while its more advanced shape is the consensus (ijma’a) of all the mujtahidin of the time. In this article all the three modes of ijtihad have been discussed and it has been concluded and suggested that the best option for resolving the issues faced by the Muslim Ummah is collective Ijtihad due its easy implementation. This also helps in avoiding many complications while seeking consensus (Ijma’a) in present day time. In this article a list of the problems have been given which need immediate attention of the Muslim scholars, while in the last part introduction of some prominent institutions of the Muslim World have been given with elaboration of their objectives.
Different series of polycrystalline superconductor, Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca4-xMgxCu5O14-δ (x = 0, 1, 2 and 3), (Cu0.5Tl0.5)Ba2Ca2Cu3-yGeyO10-d (y = 0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) and (Cu0.5Tl0.5)Ba2Ca3(Cu4-yGey)O12-d (y = 0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9) have been synthesized by solid-state reaction method. The structure and physical properties were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), resistivity, ac-susceptibility and Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR). X-ray diffraction scans of polycrystalline samples of Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca4-xMgxCu5O14-δ (x = 0, 1, 2 and 3) samples show tetragonal structure following P4/mmm space group. The dominant phase in x = 0 sample is CuTl- 1234 while the remaining all Mg doped samples show the projected CuTl-1245 phase with a small inclusion of impurity phases. It suggests that the presence of Mg plays a very vital role in synthesis of five planar CuTl-1245 compounds. With the partial substitution of Ca with Mg in the samples, the CuO2 planes become uniformly doped due to improved inter-planer coupling which results in the enhancement of Tc (R = 0) as well as the magnitude of diamagnetism. Further superconducting properties of the samples have been enhanced by carrying out annealing experiments in nitrogen air and oxygen atmospheres. The enhanced superconductivity in different annealing environments have been attributed to the optimization of carrier density in the OPs and the IPs. Oxygen annealed samples show the best superconductivity among all, which have been attributed to the optimization of carrier concentration in the CuO2 planes and improved weak link behavior due to the intercalation of the oxygen in the unit cell and at the intra-grain and inter-grain sites. Superconductivity in the Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Mg2Cu5O14-d superconductor has been optimized by varying both time and temperature during the air annealing experiments by attaining Tc ~ 132 K. In (Cu0.5Tl0.5)Ba2Ca2Cu3-yGeyO10-d (y = 0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) samples, synthesized at 860oC, y = 0 and 0.5 show the CuTl-1223 tetragonal phase but y = 0.75 and 1.0 develop CuTl-1234 as the dominant phase. It indicates that the substitution of Ge lowers the synthesis temperature and for single phase sample, temperature less than 860oC seems more plausible. Four planar Ge doped (Cu0.5Tl0.5)Ba2Ca3(Cu4-yGey)O12-d (y = 0, 0.3, 0.6 0.9) superconductors were prepared at 870oC rather than 880oC and investigated for their superconducting properties. X-ray diffraction scans of the samples confirm the CuTl-1234 phase. Increased Ge substitution at the Cu planar sites has been found to suppress the superconducting properties of the samples. Possible causes include the impurity scattering and the carrier depletion due the replacement of Cu2+ ions with Ge4+ ions. The superconductivity has been restored by carrier doping through annealing processes. FTIR analysis has also been conducted and the role Ge in the variations of different phonon modes has been discussed. Also the effect of oxygen annealing on these phonon modes have been observed and analyzed. The fluctuation induced conductivity of Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca4−xMgxCu5O14−δ (x = 1, 2) and Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Cu2M1O10-d (M =Si, Sn, Ge) superconductor samples has been done. FIC data of the as-prepared Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca4−xMgxCu5O14−δ (x = 1) sample does not fit with 2D, 3D AL equations, but for x = 2 and the oxygen annealed samples seem to fit well with 2DAL, 3D AL equations with two distinct cross over temperatures. In the samples the interlayer coupling strength J is found to increase with increased Mg content and oxygen post annealing. Higher concentration of Mg seems to lower the anisotropy along the c-axis and thus improves the inter-planer coupling. It results in 2D to 3D cross over of the conductivity and enhancement of the interlayer coupling strength J. The 2D to 3D cross over and higher J values in post annealed samples can be attributed to the change in the carrier concentration in the CuO2 planes, and improved weak link behavior, brought about by the intercalation of the oxygen in the charge reservoir layer. The excess- conductivity data of Cu0.5Tl0.5Ba2Ca2Cu2M1O10-d (M = Si, Sn and Ge) samples also shows two cross over temperatures and three distinct exponents. Si and Sn doped samples with almost same critical temperature have not shown much diversity in different parameters such as room temperature resistivity, transition width, a (rN 0 K) etc. Similarly not much difference is seen in the dimensionality exponents and the corresponding temperature ranges. The Ge doped sample with lower critical temperature has shown different FIC parameters with large transition width. Ge doped sample has shown higher 3D character; in this sample 2D fluctuations are found in very small temperature range. Here a possible link between the confinement of the 2D fluctuations to a narrow temperature window and the lower critical temperature of the Ge doped sample can be conjectured but not claimed.