اسلام اور یہودیت کا قانون حلال و حرام: مشترکات اور مختلفات کا جا ئزہ

The world Semitic religions like Judaism, Christianity and Islam have given comprehensive regulations and code of life. Therefore; there has been a complete system and directions about “ḥalal” and “ḥaram” (kosher non-kosher) means legal and illegal (treif’ in Jewish law). As Islam gives clear cut directives in beliefs, worships, ethics, economy and ways of life to guide the men in life; similarly the Judaism has also given clear regulations in these fields to guide its followers. Islam has taught its followers to eat and drink ‘ḥalal’ (Tayyib), so Judaism has also stressed on eating only ‘kosher’ (food that can be consumed according to Jewish law). For example in animals; meat of cow, bull, sheep and goat etc are legitimizing for eating in both the religions. Similarly the meat of pig is not allowed for men. Many things are similar in both these religions regarding dietary law. This article describes about ‘ḥalal’ and ‘kosher’ things in detail and tells what the similarities and dissimilarities regarding dietary laws are found in their religious literatures.

The Role of Knowledge Creation and Innovation in the Relationship Between Learning Organization Practices and Non-Financial Performance of Pakistans Telecommunication

This study examines the direct impact of learning organization practices on non-financial firm performance, and the individual mediating roles of knowledge creation and innovation in the learning organization–firm performance relationship. In addition, the study analyzes the indirect impact of learning organization practices on non-financial firm performance through the sequential mediation effect of both knowledge creation and innovation in the context of Pakistan’s telecommunication sector. The research model consists of nine testable hypotheses, and is based on the premises established in the four well-established management theories, namely resourcebased view theory, knowledge-based view theory, dynamic capabilities theory, and input-processoutput model. To collect data, 600 questionnaires that consisted of four self-constructed scales were randomly distributed to lower and middle managers of the five Pakistani telecommunication companies. The data generated from the 410 useable questionnaires was used to test the nine hypotheses through Structural Equation Modelling approach. The results derived from data analysis suggest that individually, both knowledge creation and innovation partially mediate the direct effect of learning organization practices on non-financial firm performance. Moreover, findings illustrate that knowledge creation and innovation sequentially mediate the learning organization–firm performance relationship. The study recommends that managers should adopt learning-supportive leadership styles, foster a learning-conducive culture, conduct appropriate training programs, decentralize and informalize organizational systems, and establish sound technological systems if they want to their company to survive, compete, lead, grow and evolve in today’s increasingly volatile, turbulent and hypercompetitive business environment.