علم مختلف الحدیث پر امام شافعی کے تفکرات کا تحقیقی مطالعہ

After the era of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), there were dissimilarities in interpretations of contradictive revelations by Muhammad (S.A.W) thereby questioning their authentication while being considered a basic source of extracting the Sharia acts. In this context, Imam Shāfʿī studies all the dissimilarities and contradictions and devised finest principles which performed very positive role in rationalizing the conflicting Ahadiths. He was first to discuss these matters in an innovative manner. It is therefore, essential for investigator to refer to Shāfʿīs principles to rationalize any Hadith lying under contradiction. Imam Shāfʿī stated that Hadith is not itself contradicting but its apparent meaning leads the investigator into misconception. Consequently, he has stated three methods to remove this conflict. First is the combination (جمع) which recommends working on both Ahadiths at the same time rather than leaving either of them. Second is the abrogation (تنسیخ) which requires extensive knowledge of Quran and History before inferring the final decision of Muhammad (S.A.W) and scholars widely recommend Imam Shāfiʿī in recognizing abrogated Ahadiths. Third is preference (ترجيح) which is based upon peripheral attributes.

A Comparative Study of the Conflict Management Styles and Organizational Environment at University Level

The study was carried out to compare the conflict management styles and organizational environment in the old and newly established universities of the Punjab. The population of the study was comprised of four public sector universities of the Punjab including two old and two newly established universities. The sample of the study consisted of a total of 500 faculty members including 40 heads of the departments and 460 faculty members from the old and newly established universities of the Punjab. Two instruments namely conflict management styles inventory (CMSI) and organizational environment scale (OES) were used to conduct the study. The responded questionnaires were 38 from heads of the departments and 336 from the faculty members. So the response rate was 95 % from the heads of the departments and 73 % from the faculty members. According to the study, no significant difference was found in the conflict management styles and the organizational environments of the both types of universities. The study also inferred that, in the newly and old established universities, the integrating, obliging and dominating styles were being used. These styles showed impact on the organizational environmental factors like guidance & support, participation & coordination and teamwork. The frequently used style was avoiding in the newly established universities and its corresponding environmental factors were facilitations, participation & coordination and rewards & benefits. The compromising style negatively affects the professional development of the teachers. The age, gender, qualification, teaching experience and administrative experience had no impact on the use of conflict management styles.