جناب ایرج افشار کی رحلت
(رئیس احمد نعمانی)
پوسٹ بکس نمبر ۱۱۴،
علی گڑھ (ہند) ۲۰۲۰۰۱۔
برادر گرامی مراتب زید مناصبکم، السلام علیکم و رحمۃ اﷲ و برکاتہ!
۳؍ مارچ ۲۰۱۱ء کو ایران کے معروف اسکالر اور پبلشر جناب ایرج افشار دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے، ایک مخلص کی اطلاع اور فرمائش پر یہ قطعۂ تاریخ لکھا ہے، امید ہے اس کو ’’معارف‘‘ میں جگہ دینے کی زحمت فرمائیں گے۔
جویائے خیر
رئیس احمد نعمانی
تاریخ در گذشت دکتر ایرج افشار
;دانشمند و پڑھشگر معروف ایران
یگانا مردِ دانا ایرج افشار
سخن گوی و سخن سنج و سخن یار
ادیبِ نامور، استادِ انشاء
چراغ بزمِ تحقیقات و جستار
رفیق رہروانِ راہ پارین
انیس ہمریانِ تازہ رفتار
کتاب و نامۂ اہلِ ادب را
ہمی بودہ امین و ہم نگہدار
مہارت داشت در تالیف و تدوین
علَم گردیدہ ہم در چاپ آثار
عزیز خاطر دانا و نادان
ستودہ از زبانِ خویش و اغیار
چو دل برداشتہ از کارِ دنیا
رمیدہ از ہجوم شہرو بازار
ہستہ رختِ جان و تن ز منزل
جہانیدہ بہ سوی گور رہوار
بجستم سالِ فوتش و ز دلِ من
صدا آمد: ’’دریغا ایرج افشار‘‘
۲۰۱۱ء
(۳ مارچ/۲۰۱۱ء)
( مئی ۲۰۱۱ء)
e Qasama Doctrine of Islamic Criminal Law
The mashroom-growth like blind murder cases, have, now a days confused
and perplexed the law-enforcing agencies the reason is that such
murder-cases are taken in hand and tried to be dealt with the common criminal
procedures The criminal in such a case leaving no clue thereto succeed in
detracting the police. As a result the FIR is lodged against an anonymous
'accused' afterwards and the case is filed because of the non-availability of
required proof. Contrary to the above Islam introduces the procedure cf
Qasama _ which literally means administring an oath which in juristic
terminology applied to a way and process where some persons are held
responsible in a blind murder for an oath in words, that; By Allah! Neither they
have committed the murder nor they noticed the culprit. In case of refusal they
are adjudicated for Qisasand for the payent of Diyat in vice versa.
Historically Qasama procedure is traced back to pre-lslamic tribal-law
which were then, afterwards modified and re-enforced by the Prophet (SAW)
and his Khulafa. With the exception of some minor juristic controversies
regarding the structure and framework of Qasama procedure multitude of
muslim jurists hold it a valid way for the adjudication of a blind-murder. It is
with all regrets that-lslamic Ideological council ( HC) despite its introduction .
In the last two years of using mobile apps, world today expanded its readership as much as it did in the first 29 years of its existence. Accessing the usability issues allows improving its users more. For this, one trendy method for detecting usability evaluation is heuristic evaluation. In this traditional usability evaluation method, evaluators use a set of usability heuristic as a guide or set of principles. A Standard set of heuristic provided by Nielsen is good but it is not sufficient to fulfill the usability issue of mobile applications in context of domain (specifically for News Applications). Especially, related to the gestures which are more common in touch screen mobiles. Therefore, the objective of this study is to create new/Modified set of heuristic for News mobile applications to find out the usability issues.
To do so, we reviewed previous studies specific to the mobile domain and try to find out the missing factors in these studies. We checked the applicability of different heuristics on mobile applications proposed in previous studies (i.e Nielsen?s and Rodolfo?s) as well as newly suggested heuristics.In this paper, we present a modified list with 14 set of heuristic for Mobile News Media Applications, also some for their gestural operations. Based on this heuristic we conducted evaluation; so, those weaknesses found in this way provide useful hints in making improvement to news applications. Overall, we find out that using the newly suggested set of heuristic found very useful for evaluators to find more usability problems on mobile media news applications efficiently and effectively.