ظاهرة تزويج القاصرات من منظور شرعي

According to traditional-religious-culture the early age marriages are very common custom especially in rural areas. The act of marring girls in early ages is considered to be a good practice in these constituencies; in contrast, the holy Quran has provided some logical guidelines to reject this idea. In the holy Quran “men” are instructed to marry as per their choice, which reveals, it is necessary for a “man” to be adult (Baligh) for marriage. Considering this fact, how it is possible that a man can be permitted to have a non-adult (Nabaligh) life partner? In this regard, marriages between Adult and Non-adult, Non-adult and Non-adult are not permitted because it is against the right of equality. Further, the holy Quran instructs the guardians of the orphans to return them their valuables when reach to the age of Nikah; which reveals that there is a particular standard of age set for Nikah, if it is not so, why the holy Quran has made this bounding for the guardians of the orphans? As per the guidance of the holy Quran, it is clear that Nikah requires both man and women not only to be physically adult/mature but also mentally adult/mature. In this connection, it has been highlighted that Nikah which is a physical contract requires a particular age for man and woman which however cannot be an age of Non-adult.

Performance Criteria of Chemical Protective Clothing

Chemical protective clothing helps to act as a buffer for wearers from physical, chemical or biological risks that may be encountered while at work in an industrial setup. The present study was aimed at minimizing these dangers and risks. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase was based on the evaluation of mechanical and resistance characteristics of locally manufactured protective coveralls. Performance was measured at various washing intervals. This phase was designed to make an assessment of the protective coveralls currently in use in chemical industries of Pakistan. It was observed, Cotton and Polyester were dominant raw materials used for manufacturing of collected samples. All samples failed to pass safety standards. Various factors impacted their performance. Among them, low quality of fabric and lamination were most important factors. In the second phase of the study, three different types of clothing materials were manufactured by using various construction parameters. Based on literature review and results of phase one, Aramid and multilayered Cotton-Polyester blends were used for manufacturing. These clothing materials were also evaluated for their mechanical and resistance characteristics at various washing intervals using the test procedures of phase one and under similar conditions and environment. All three experimental materials outperformed all the existing samples tested in phase one. Aramid performed better among the three experimental materials. Finally a comprehensive comparison based on the collected data for each characteristic of existing and newly manufactured clothing materials was carried out. Statistical analysis highlighted the difference within and between new and existing clothing materials. The results indicated that the existing clothing materials showed poor results for each characteristic and significantly deteriorated after successive washing. Whereas experimental clothing materials manufactured in the second phase showed excellent results and were less by number of washes. According to the overall conclusion drawn from the current research existing materials are not suitable for the workers of chemical industries. They should rather adopt any of the experimental materials based on their requirements and needs.