فلسفہ حدود
شریعت مطہرہ نے وہ جرائم جو ہر قسم کے معاشرے میں ہوتے ہیں اور جن کی وجہ سے شریعت کے مقاصد خمسہ کوخطرہ لاحق ہے ۔ ان جرائم پر بڑی سخت سزا مقرر کی گئی ہے ، جیسا کہ انسانی جان کا تحفظ ، انسانی عزت وآبرو کا تحفظ ، دین کا تحفظ ، مال اور عقل کا تحفظ یعنی مقاصد خمسہ کی حفاظت یا معاشرتی اخلاقی اقدار کے بالکل پامال ہونے کا اندیشہ ہو ،اگرایسی صورت حال پیدا ہو جائے کہ ان مقاصد کے کلی طور پر ضائع ہونے کا خطرہ ہو یا اخلاقی اقدارکے بالکل خاتمے کا تصور تو شریعت انتہائی سخت مؤقف اختیار کرتی ہے اور ان بنیادی مقاصد کے تحفظ کے لیے سخت ترین اقدامات اٹھانے کے لیے تیار رہتی ہے ، البتہ ان اقدامات سے پہلے شریعت نے یہ کوشش کی ہے کہ پورے معاشرے میں ایک روحانی فضا، مثالی معاشرہ کا قیام اور فکر آخرت کا احساس ہو۔ ایک ایسی اخلاقی فضا قائم کی جائے جس میں ہر شخص اخلاقی اقدار کا پابند ہو ، معاشرتی آداب کی ہر شخص پابندی کرتا ہو ، اقتصادی طورپر لوگ ایک دوسرے کی ضروریات کے کفیل ہوں ، سیاسی اعتبار سے ایسا انتظام ہو جو نیکی کو فروغ دے اور برائی کو روکے ۔ لوگوں کا رویہ اور انداز ایساہو کہ اس میں اسلام کی روحانی اور اخلاقی اقدار کی کارفرمائی ہو، تاکہ لوگ آپس میں ایک دوسرے کے مددگار ہوں ۔ ایسے ماحول میں اول تو کوئی جرم سر زد ہی نہیں ہو گا اور اگر کوئی جرم سامنے آئے گا تو معاشرہ اس کو خود ہی روک دے گا ۔
اس کے باوجود بھی اگر کوئی براہ راست ایسا جرم کر دے جو شریعت کے کسی مقصد کو منہدم کرنے کے مترادف ہو تو پھر شریعت اپنے بنیادی مقاصد...
Throughout the history humanity has witnessed many ups and downs. There might have been many eras of moral lawlessness in which humanity might have suffered from lack of moral character, civilization, lack of social norms and values and many such things. But in the present era social media has emerged as a very sharp sword which has destroyed social values, norms and morality. It has proven destructive to a unprecedented level. Sometimes people share news about a person without conformation and on other times people destroy human shapes and give them resemblance with animal shapes and then share them on social media by way of comparison between human and animals. Insulting political opponents, playing with honor and dignity of others, humiliating others have become a game to play for people on social media. Many users of the social media think that there is no respect for others at all so they don’t hesitate from humiliating people. For them the only act worth doing is to protect the so called respect of the leader they follow and love. They are ready to cross any limit for this. While doing all this they forget anything and everything about civility, morality, and social values etc. Someone has quite rightly said that good character is proof of good blood. While using social media one is in fact representing one’s family and blood. According to statistics 58% of the whole population of our country consists of young people the majority of which is so much attached and engrossed with the use of social media that they are oblivious of what is going around them. The spell of social media has bound people in the galleries of hospitals, pathways, passengers, and in educational institutes. So much so that even in homes, social media has preoccupied people to an extent that they damn care for the people living in the same home with them. There is value for a friend on social media but there is no value for a person sitting very next to them. A young man is busy and engaged with a so called sister on social media but his real sister is seen tantalized for his care and affection. In the university students miss out lectures of teacher but want to learn things from google and social media. This is the dilemma of the current age. The use of social media has taken people far away from the people sitting and living very close to them. Now the young generation has options i.e. Positive or negative use of social media. Your face book account, your profile is reflective of your personality. Any visitor, while visiting your profile and account will have your whole personality open up to him. Difference of opinion is permitted and appreciable thing but it should be done within limits. The current research paper is an attempt to cover up all these things and to see the Islamic teachings about the use of social media. How to open an account on social media, how to share pictures on it either self or that of others, sending friend requests and accepting them? These and other related issues will be discussed in the present paper in the light of Islam.
Thorough investigations regarding the effects of Ni doping on Fe site in LaFeO3 on the structural, electronic, ac electrical, dielectric and magnetic properties has been performed using synchrotron X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption, dc magnetization, Mossbauer and impedance spectroscopy. Polycrystalline LaFe1-xNixO3 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3 & 0.5) oxides were prepared by the solid state reactions method. The results and brief relevant theoretical introduction of each experimental technique are presented and discussed in a separate chapter. Chapter 1 encircles brief description of the importance of LaFe1-xNixO3, importance of the experimental techniques used for these characterizations, motivations and objectives of the present study. The synthesized samples are the orthorhombically distorted derivatives of an ideal perovskite structure. Anomalous variations in the perovskite distortions have been observed and attributed to the energy effects associated with partial filling of the degenerate orbitals and the hybridization of the localized orbitals at cations and anions, invoked by Ni doping in LaFeO3. To investigate the effects of Ni doping on the oxidation state, spin state and magnetic ordering of Fe cations in LaFO3, 57 Fe Mossbauer experiment (at room temperature) and dc magnetization measurements between 4K and 400K have been performed. The iron is present in high spin 3+ and 4+ oxidation states. Density of Fe4+ increases with Ni doping. Fe3+ cations in LaFeO3 are antiferromagnetically ordered. The weak ferromagnetic component in M-H curves is due to the canted spin structure of Fe cations in LaFeO3. Temperature independence of the saturation magnetization associated with this weak ferromagnetic component strongly suggests that the degree of spin canting is invariant with between 4K and 400K. A progressive collapse of the magnetically ordered state of Fe in LaFeO3 to a spin disordered state on Ni doping has been observed and discussed in terms of increase in the spin relaxation frequency and dilution of the Fe3+ sublattice (five unpaired spins: t2g3,eg2) by Fe4+ (four unpaired spins: t2g3,eg1) and low spin Ni2+/Ni3+ cations. The possibility of any transition of the Fe3+ from the high spin state to low spin state and hence its role to mediate this collapse in the magnetically ordered state has been totally excluded. Analysis of the Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectra in the XANES and EXAFS regions confirmed the results of Mossbauer spectroscopy and XRD regarding oxidation state of Fe and octahedral deformations, respectively. Ni is found as Ni3+ in LaFe0.9Ni0.1O3 and the density of Ni2+ increases with further Ni doping. Temperature dependence of the position and strength of the ac electrical relaxations indicates that the electrical conduction and dielectric polarization in LaFe1-xNixO3 are due to the small polaronic hoping of the holes state between Fe4+ and Fe3+. The observed colossal value of the dielectric constant in LaFeO3 is an extrinsic effect and its origin lies in the extended defects at grain-grain and sample-electrode interfaces. Variations in the resistance and the capacitance associated with grain and grain boundaries has been conferred in terms of the density of the electrical charge carriers, potential barriers height at grain boundaries and thickness of the grain boundaries. O K-edge XANES spectra shows the growth of two new important conduction bands with doping Ni in LaFeO3. One is the localized conduction band „L‟, associated with the holes states introduced at the iron cations. The other band „m‟ is of itinerant nature and is due to the hybridization of O2p states with Ni3d states. From the increase in spectral intensity of „L‟ or the concentration of Fe4+ (hoping channel for the localized conduction), a progressive increase in the mobility and decrease in the activation energy for hoping of the localized electrical charge carriers was expected and observed. From the simultaneous growth of both of these bands, a competition between these two parallel conductions in LaFe1-xNixO3 can be predicted. Dominancy of either the itinerant or localized type conduction in any composition of LaFe1-xNixO3 is determined by the dominancy of these conduction bands. Metallic character in LaFe1-xNixO3 increased progressively with increasing Ni. This again was in accordance to the growing intensity of the delocalized conduction band „m‟. Although, the activation energy for hoping of holes between Fe4+ and Fe3+ decreased with the increase in Ni doping, however, localized type conductivity associated with the iron lattice remained non-zero even in half doped sample „LaFe0.5Ni0.5O3‟. It indicated that the holes introduced into the iron cations were localized and the itinerant behavior of the electrical charge carriers associated with the iron cations have not completely established. The composition dependent metal to insulator transition in LaFe1-xNixO3 is associated dominantly with the metallic character at the Ni sites rather than the new holes state at the Fe cations.