پس ماندگی کے مظاہر
ناطق کے پاس علم کا وسیع خزانہ موجود ہے۔ جب ان کا ناول’’نولکھی کوٹھی‘‘ میں نے پڑھا تو مجھے بھی اس بات سے اتفاق ہوا کہ واقعی ناطق ایک انوکھے شخص ہیں جو علم و حکمت کی دولت سے زرخیز ہیں۔ پنجاب کی مٹی سے ان کو لگاؤ نہیں بے حد لگاؤ ہے۔بہت سادگی سے کہیں دل کی بات کہہ دی تو کہیں انتہائی پیچیدگی سے معاملے کو پیش کیا۔ اپنی ہی ذات میں مست ایک انسان جو کہ بس لکھتا ہے۔ کبھی لفظوں کو شاعری کا رنگ دیتا ہے تو جب کبھی جذبات سنبھالے نہ جائیں اور لکھنے کے لیے شاعری سے زیادہ وسعت مانگیں تو انہیں نثر میں مانند گوہر سمو دیتے ہیں۔ تحریر میں جگہ جگہ جزئیات سے جو کام لیا گیا ہے۔ہر با ت کو کھل کر بیان کیاگیا، ہر معاملے اور واقعے کے پیچھے کے اسباب و حقیقت کو کھل کر بیان کرنا بھی کبھی ناممکن نظر آتا ہے۔مگر نو لکھی کوٹھی کو پڑھنے کے بعد یہ احساس ہوا کہ یہ بات بھی اب نا ممکن نہیں رہی۔ ناطق نے ناول میں تقسیم کے بعد کے نقصانات کو بھی بیان کیا ہے۔وہ تقسیم سے ناراض معلوم ہوتے ہیں۔جب تقسیم ہند کے واقعات کو پڑھتے ہیں تو ان کا مخصوص لب و لہجہ بھی محسوس کیا جا سکتا ہے،مولویوں پر نشتر چلاتے نظر آتے ہیں جو کہ طنز سے بھر پور ہوتے ہیں اور سب سے بڑھ کر انہوں نے جو کارنامہ سر انجام دینے کی سعی کی ہے وہ ایڈمنسٹریشن سسٹم کی حقیقت بیان کی ہے۔ انہوں نے ناول کو صرف اس لیے نہیں لکھا کہ پڑھنے کے بعد انہیں نقادوں اور ادیبوں سے داد یا تنقید ملے۔ بس وہ کھلے دل کے ، اپنی طرز کے واحد آدمی ہیں جنھوں نے ناول...
Renowned Yemeni poet and freedom fighter Muhammad Mahmood Al-Zubairi, also known as the father of freemen, born in Sanna in 1910 in a middle class family. He was one of the Yemeni iconic revolutionaries who opposed the Imamate. He took part in the revolution in 1962, bringing about Yemen’s transition from a monarchy to a republic. He was one of the founders of the movement of liberals and the leader of opposition against the Imam’s rule. This led to his persecution and he suffered destitution and exile outside his country, settling finally in Pakistan where he had opportunity to translate the poetry of Pakistan’s national poet, Muhammad Iqbal into Arabic. Finally, in 1962, when the revolution against the Imam erupted in Yemen, he went back to his country and became the minister of education. He fallen victim to the royalist forces in 1965 and has been regarded since as one of the Yemen’s most acclaimed martyrs. Al- zubairi published several collection of poetry. In 1978, a volume of his collected poems was published entitled Diwan al-zubairi. His work reflects a real originality of themes, ideas and method of treatment. This article discusses the literary work of Abu Ahrar Muhammad Mahmood Al-Zubairi.
Afro-American Historiography: Sociolinguistic Analysis of Black American Writing Oppression and liberty have oppositionality with each other but the latter emerges out of the former if patience, fortitude, discipline, unity and faith endure. It is true that where discrimination exists, revolt is only an inch below the surface. The Africans who were enslaved by the Americans never fully adjusted to slavery for accepted its inevitability. Inspite of all the inhuman atrocities inflicted upon them which made many to yield, the enlightened sons of the soil continued their struggle. Their constitutional struggle was not only for existence/ survival of the race but also for their recognition as honorable citizen of America. They fought against bigotry, racism, injustice, brutal violence, lynching, terror, and death in this democracy. The efforts made by this oppressed class, the ups and downs of their socio-economic status during previous two hundred years and the odds against success in the struggle are little known, especially in international circles. It required great struggle for the Afro-Americans to become a part of the main stream of social, economic, political, educational and judicial system of America. To cope with their inability to achieve their target, they developed ways to express their enthusiasms for freedom. Their pursuit of liberty differed in various parts of the country depending upon the following factors: conditions of the respective plantation; the rich past cultural heritage of the blacks; political upheavels and civil war in America; racism and segregation; contact with the Caribbian Africans struggle for human rights and American constitutional frame work struggle for human rights. The rise of the national protest organizations like the NAACP, The National Urban League, The Congress of Racial Equality, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Students Non-violent Co-ordinating Committee and other such organizations provided a collective leadership to the Black Americans for racial equality, civil and political rights, economic and educational advancements. Afro-Americans full blooded by repponded to slavery in accordance with the proposals and rhetoric of leaders from their own ranks. This research focuses on the socioliguistic analysis of the speeches of eminent African Americans who made the Blacks realize pride in their cultural heritage, enhance their confidence and self image and develop consensus, appropriate behavior and living standard. The future rests on their ability to become more inclusive than exclusive, more open than closed and more egalitarian than elitist.