مال مویشی، مصر و مانسہرہ
شرم الشیخ سے جبلِ موسیٰ کا زمینی فاصلہ کوئی دو سو میل ہوگا۔ سارا راستہ بے آب و گیاہ ہے۔ کہیں کہیں جھاڑی نما درخت نظر آتے ہیں جس کو مقامی زبان میں ’’شگ‘‘ کہتے ہیں۔ راستے میں چھوٹی چھوٹی بستیاں بھی نظر آتی ہیں جن میں مکان ایک دوسرے سے بہت دور ہوتے ہیں یعنی مکانوں کے درمیان محلے اور چم کا تاثر نہیں بن رہا تھا۔ سڑک کنارے کبھی کبھی بکر والوں اور چرواہوں کی ٹولیاں سفر کرتی نظر آتیں ،دکتورہ بسنت نے مجھے سے پوچھا کہ پاکستان میں بھی یہ قوم موجود ہے ؟میں نے کہاجی بالکل ۔اس نے کہا یہ بہت محنتی اور مالدار ہوتے ہیں۔سفر کے گردوغبار نے ان کے چہرے کو غربت زدہ بنا لیا ہوتا ہے مگر ان کی بکریاں ،اونٹ اور بھیڑیں لاکھوں کروڑوں کی ہوتی ہیں ۔میں نے کہا جی بالکل پاکستانی چرواہے بھی ایسے ہی مالدار اور محنتی ہوتے ہیں،میں جب بھی ان سے ملتا ہوں ان کو اعصابی طور پر مضبوط پاتا ہوں نہ راستوں کی طوالت سے پریشان نہ جلد منزل تک پہنچنے کی فکر نہ سفرکی صعبتوں کا گلہ اور نہ جسمانی و ذہنی تھکن کے آثار ،شہری آبادیوں اور بستیوں سے گزرتے وقت جب یہ بھیڑ بکریاں ریوڑ سے الگ ہو جاتی ہیں یا کوئی بس ،ٹرک یا گاڑی والا ہارن دیتا یا کوئی بدزبانی کرتا ہے تو ان بکر والوں کو غصہ نہیں آتا ،بس اپنے بے زمام ناقے کو یہ گلہ بان منہ کے ذریعے خاص سیٹیاں بجا بجا کر سوئے قطار کشیدتے چلے جاتے ہیں ۔
مانسہرہ سے دریائے کنہار کے کنارے کنارے ایک سڑک ناران اور گلگت کی طرف جاتی ہے ،درمیان میں عطر شیشہ کے مقام پر ایک دوراہا آتا ہے جہاں سے کشمیر مظفر آباد تک...
The duty of issuance Islamic legal verdict is a great job because the Mufti is the successor of the Prophets of Allah. He explains the commands of Allah — permissible and prohibited acts—and stops the disputes among the followers. The focal aspects of this research paper are the questions: What are the required conditions to be a reliable mufti? What are the points of agreement and differences among the four major schools of jurisprudence — Hanafi, Maliki, Shafa’i and Hanbali? The most important area of this paper is the question: What are the protocols and etiquettes of the procedure of issuance of a fatwa, the legal verdict, in our contemporary societies. In the first part of this paper, the analytical evaluation of the arguments presented by prominent jurists of the four major schools of Islamic Jurisprudence. This part suggests some points to reset the preferences because it is the need of time. The second part of the paper opines a number of suggestions to improve the manners, etiquettes and protocols of the procedure on part of a mufti. A mufti, being a representative of the seat of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), is not only responsible to Allah Almighty but also to wellbeing, security, and peace among the members of our society.
The voice of environmentally concerned consumers led many firms to incorporate the green marketing elements in their business models. Many organizations spent millions of dollars on the development, selling and promotional campaigns of green products. The notion was also supported by researchers and international survey organizations in the form of growing demand and market share of green products. However, in reality, existing sales trends of green products in the markets are not promising. Although consumers are in favor of green products and green firms even some of them are agreed to pay extra amount to buy green products but when comes to make a purchase decision, conventional products remain their first choice at the point of sale. Thus, non-acceptance of green products by the consumers at large scale is becoming a major issue of concern for marketing managers. Therefore, it is very timely to explore and understand the underlying mechanism of human attitude formation process. The aim of this research is to examine the impact of environmental beliefs on green purchase intentions. Although, environmental beliefs have a significant role in motivating the individuals to behave in an environmental friendly way still a weak relationship between environmental beliefs and green purchase intentions has been reported in prior research. Therefore, the mediating role of environmental concern between environmental beliefs and green purchase intentions as well as moderating role of environmental responsibility between environmental beliefs and environmental concern was explored to advance the existing stream of research in the field of green marketing. The conceptual framework was developed based on the theory of reasoned action. Survey method was used to collect data from consumers of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. For this purpose, already established measures were adapted from xi previous studies in the field of green marketing. Subsequently, 519 useable responses were utilized for data analysis through statistical techniques. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique was used to gauge the model fit and to test the hypothesized associations. Likewise, the conceptual framework was also tested through bootstrapping technique suggested by Preacher and Hayes. The results revealed that environmental concern mediate the relation between environmental beliefs and green purchase intentions. Similarly, moderating role of environmental responsibility between environmental beliefs and environmental concern was also proved. The thesis was winded up by highlighting the theoretical, contextual and managerial implications along-with future research avenues.