یوسف نیر(۱۹۴۷ء ۔۲۰۱۷) کا اصل نا م یوسف رحمت ہے اور نیر تخلص ہے ۔ آپ محلہ اٹاری گیٹ سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔(۱۰۹۰) آپ نے ایم ۔اے اردو پنجاب یونیورسٹی اور ایم۔فل اردو علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی سے کیا۔ ۱۹۷۹ء میں آپ کی تعیناتی بطور لیکچرار گورنمنٹ کالج رحیم یار خان میں ہوئی۔ گورنمنٹ کالج سیالکوٹ سے ایسوسی ایٹ پروفیسر کے عہدے پر آپ ریٹائر ہوئے ۔(۱۰۹۱) آپ کالج میگزین lکے مدیر رہے اور ان کی ادبی تخلیقات اس میں شائع ہوتی تھیں۔ آپ کا شعری کلام ’’کاتھولک‘‘،’’نقیب‘‘ ،لاہور ،’’شاداب ‘‘ لاہور ، ’’شعاعِ نور‘‘ ،لاہور ،’’بیسویں صدی‘‘ ،لاہور اور ’’فنون ‘‘ لاہور میں شائع ہوتا رہا۔
آپ مرے کالج کی مجلسِ سخن اور مجلسِ اقبال کے انچارج رہے۔ نیرمرے کالج کے علمی و ادبی مجلہ ’’الفیض ‘‘ کے نگران رہے اور مرے کالج سے اقبال نمبر اور غالب نمبر شائع کیے۔۱۹۸۸ء میں آپ پاکستان رائٹرز گلڈ کے مرکزی صدر منتخب ہوئے۔ پنجابی ادب سنگت لندن نے انھیں ۲۰۰۰ء کاادبی ایوارڈ لندن میں ایک مشاعر ے میں پیش کیا۔ (۱۰۹۲)’’روشنی کا پہلا دن‘‘ یوسف نیر کا شعری مجموعہ الحمد پبلی کیشنز نے ۱۹۹۲ء کو شائع کیا۔
یوسف نیر ادب میں ادب برائے زندگی نظریے کے قائل ہیں۔ انھوں نے اپنی شاعری میں ہمیشہ غریب ،مظلوم اور پسماندہ معاشرے کے پسے ہوئے انسانوں کے دکھ اور محرومی کی بات کی ہے۔ وہ ظالم ،جابر اور استحصالی نظام اور افراد کی مـذمت کرتے ہیں۔ نیر گہرا سماجی شعور رکھتے ہیں وہ سماجی اور معاشرتی ظلم و ستم کو نظر انداز نہیں کرتے بلکہ اسے محسوس کرتے ہیں اور اپنی شاعری میں جا بجا بیان کرتے نظر آتے ہیں:
راہ کوئی نہیں ہے بچنے کی……
1ہر طرف شیش ناگ بیٹھے ہیں
The ethos of every postcolonial country was shaped by the way in which it secured its independence, therefore in analyzing the political development of Pakistan from its creation one must consider the related development of India prior to Partition, exploring the nature of colonial rule and it’s far reaching impacts on the political development of Pakistan after independence. While India has seen innumerable kingdoms rise and fall and many waves of invasions, the British encroachment in India from the 18th century onwards, particularly the direct incorporation of India as the jewel of the British Empire in 1857, was unique in that it wrenched the locus of political and economic control away from the Subcontinent to Europe. However, many British residents in India ‘went native’, by adopting local religion and culture. The British loved India, whether residents such as Rudyard Kipling or the ruling elite in Britain (e.g. Queen Victoria had Indian servants and companions). The British cultivated an elite group of administrators from the powerful indigenous landowners and middle-class professionals (the latter of whom were mainly from Hindu castes), which helped the British to consolidate their vested interests to strengthen their rule in India. The amalgamated British army consisted of Indian and British soldiers under the command of British officers. This paper discusses in detail the impacts of British colonial rule in the Subcontinent with special reference to post-independence Pakistan drawing on archival records and other written materials on the subject.
Jasminum samabac is one of the ancient fragrant flowers cultivated globally. In spite of ornamental purpose it is also cultivated for extraction of essential oil which is accredited as king of fragrance. As it contributes in beautification of any garden or public place extraction of valuable products so a tremendous potential for the development of essential oil industry based on this plant. The current investigation were conducted to evaluate the effect of 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) on morphological, physiological, biochemical and reproductive behavior along with essential oil contents of Jasminum sambac. EBL was exogenically applied (foliar spray) in four concentrations i.e. 1, 2, 3 and 4 μM. 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) having concentration 2 μM performed better in almost all attributes including essential oil contents as compared to rest of treatments. On the other hand, SCFE optimization experiment, T3=40 oC/ 100 Bar gave excellent results. Physio-chemical, yield attributes and chemical components identification through GC- MS was exhibited promising outcomes. Comparative efficacy of different essential oil extraction techniques was also assessed. Essential oil was extracted by Supercritical Fluid extraction (SCFE) and hydro distillation. An optimized protocol was established for the extraction of essential oil from Jasminum sambac through supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) technique. This technique performed better as compared to hydro distillation. In Supercritical Fluid extraction (SCFE), CO2 was used as solvent for getting concrete oil. The concrete was processed to convert it to absolute oil. Jasminum sambac had concrete oil yield of 0.334%, whereas it had absolute oil yield of 0.021%. Physio-chemical studies of absolute oil were also conducted which indicated color as clear yellow to light brown, refractive index as 1.49, specific gravity as 0.964 and congealing point of the concrete as 20°C. Different chemical components contained in the essential oil were identified by GC-MS analysis. The maximum number of chemical components identified from single essential oil sample was 35. The present studies revealed that Jasminum sambac can be successfully cultivated on commercial scale in the country for the extraction of essential oil with promising results.