ارشادڈیروی تے عصری شعور
اجوکے سمے دیاں دیاں مشہور اصناف سخن وچوں غزل اک اجیہی صنف سخن اے ، جس دے وچ سب توں ود ھ طبع آزمائی ہو رہی اے ۔ایس صنف وچ نویں نویں تجربے ہو رہے نیں تے نویں سرنانویاں نوںایس صنف راہیں بیان کیتا جا رھا اے ۔غزل دا ہر شعر اپنی تھاں اک مکمل اکائی ہو ندا اے ۔۔اوہدے وچ شاعر اپنی فکر تخیل یاں جذبہ مکمل طور تے بیان کریندا اے ۔ایس پاروں کچھ نقاداں نے ایس نوں ’’منتشر الخیال ‘‘صنف آکھیا اے ۔(۱)کیوں جے ایہدے وچ نظم ونگوں خیالا ں دا ربط تے تسلسل نہیں ہو ندا۔ایس دے باوجود غزل دے سارے شعر قافیہ تے ردیف دے داخلی دھاگے نال اک دوجے نال جڑے ہو ندے نیں ۔ڈاکٹر وزیر آغا دا خیال اے :
’’غزل کا ہر شعر ایک ایسا جزو ہے جو غزل کا حصہ ہو نے کے باوجود اس سے جد ا بھی ہے ۔ہر شعر ایک الگ حیثیت کا حامل ہے لیکن اس کے باوجود وصف غزل کے دھاگے سے منسلک بھی ہیں ۔‘‘(۲)
غزل واسطے سرنانویاں دی کوئی پابندی نہیں ہو ندی ۔ایس لئی ایہدے وچ حسن تے عشق ،جوانی تے بڑھاپا ،زمین تے آسمان ،سماج تے معاشرہ ،ریاست تے سیاست ،علم تے فن یعنی ہر قسم دے خیالات وکھو وکھ شعر اں وچ بیان کیتے جا سکدے نیں ۔پر اوہناں ساریا نوں ایک دوجے نال جوڑ کے رکھن لئی اک مخصوص داخلی رنگ،مخصوص جذبے تے احساس دی لوڑ اے ۔انج تد ای ہو سکداے جدوں شاعر حیاتی دے سبھے خارجی منظراں نو ں اپنی ذات تے فکر دا حصہ بنا لوے ۔اوہناں نوں شعراں دے روپ وچ ڈھالدیاں ہویاں اوہ اپنی ذات توں وکھریاں نہ کرے ۔سگوں اپنی ہڈو ورتی بنا کے پیش کرے ۔شاعر غزل...
Qur’an and Ḥadith as fundamental and primary sources of Shariah stand as hall mark of Islam. Ḥadith called traditions as the second fundamental source of Islam embodies sayings, actions and expressions of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) explicit or implicit. Mainly there have been two trends of rejecting the status of Ḥadith. One is rejecting the authority of Ḥadith and other rejects the authenticity of Ḥadith especially “Khabar-al-wahid” or solitary tradition. Other group does not completely reject the authority of Ḥadith rather text of Ḥadith especially in case of weak traditions. This paper discuss the opinion of rejecters of Ḥadith and contribution of Muslim scholars along with their arguments from Qur’an and Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to highlight the importance and significance of authority and authenticity of Ḥadith in all disciplines of Islamic thought.
Rice has become an essential food/crop for 3 billion population of the world. Punjab province in Pakistan is famous for production of high quality rice globally, but economic indicators are low toward rice contribution in regional economy due to various climatic and physical factors. The contribution of rice in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Pakistan is only 1.3-1.6% which is very less however, efforts are on the way at governmental level to enhance the productions. In this research, we tried to explore various scenarios to improve the rice yield using satellite imagery in collaboration with real time field observations. These scenarios include 1) the impact assessment of ecological parameters on the rice yield through Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model 2) the identification of suitable site for rice cultivation through Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques 3) yield estimation using the rice plant spectral responses and 4) recognition of vulnerable sites under Yellow Stem Borer (YSB) attacks to save the rice crop canopies. Rice cultivation season was calculated using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) time series datasets which showed that the rice cultivation could be exercised during the months April to November in the study site but the actual rice cultivation starts after May 20 of each year to save the crop from borer’s attacks following the Punjab rice ordinance, 1974. Net Primary Production (NPP) is an important indicator of the supply of food and wood. We used a hierarchy model and real time field observations to estimate NPP using satellite imagery. NPP incorporates various scenarios effecting the rice plant growth including 1) solar radiations 2) ground heat, sensible heat and latent heat fluxes 3) water availability 4) light use efficiency and 5) the net productions. According to NPP model, net radiations received by rice crop canopies were estimated as 27,428 Wm−2 (215.4 Wm−2 as averaged) throughout the rice cultivation period (RCP), including 23,168 Wm−2 (118.3 Wm−2 as averaged) as shortwave and 4260 Wm−2 (34.63 Wm−2as averaged) as longwave radiations. Soil, sensible and latent heat fluxes were approximated as 3324 Wm−2, 16,549 Wm−2, and 7554 Wm−2 respectively. Water stress on rice crops varied between 0.5838 and 0.1218 from the start to the end of the Rice Cultivation Period (RCP). Biomass generation declined from 6.09–1.03 g/m2 in the tillering and ripening stages respectively. We added a soil suitability constant (ħα) into the CASA model to achieve a more precise 2 estimates of yield. The spatial distribution of rice cultivation as per suitability zone was: the total area under investigation was 13657 km2, out of which 931.61 km2 (6.8%) was found to be least suitable, 3316.69 km2 (24.2%) was moderately suitable, 6019.63 km2 (44%) was highly suitable and 3395.28 km2 (24.85%) was not suitable for rice crop cultivation. Results showed that highly suitable area was characterized by a temperature range between 21-32°C, soil pH level between 5.5-7.2, soil type was <78% clay and the soil was imperfectly drained. We compared land suitability map covering the complete land use with rice cultivated area only and found the results as follows: 592 km2 (5.9%) rice cultivation was in least suitable, 4385 km2 (44%) cultivation was in highly suitable, 2210 km2 (23.2%) cultivation was in moderately suitable and 1674 km2 (16.8%) cultivation was in not suitable regions.1674 km2 was not suitable (NS), 592 km2 was less suitable (LS), 2210 km2 was moderately suitable (MS) and 4385 km2 was highly suitable (HS) soil type with ħα ranges of 0.05–0.25, 0.4–0.6, 0.7–0.75 and 0.85–0.95 of the CASA based yield, respectively. We estimated net production as 1.63 million tons, as per 0.46 ton/ha, 1.2 ton/ha 1.9 ton/ha and 2.4 ton/ha from NS, LS, MS and HS soil types, respectively. The results obtained through the improved CASA model, by addition of the constant ħα, are likely to be useful for agronomists by providing more accurate estimates of NPP