ورفعنا لک ذکرک
نصیر احمد اخترؔ
نعت وہ لفظ ہے جو اردو ادب میںمحبوبِؐ خدا کی توصیف و ثنا کے لیے مختص ہے۔
نعت کے سلسلے میں پروفیسر ریاض احمد قادر ی کے خوب صورت الفاظ ہیں :
’’نعتِ رسولِؐ مقبول درود شریف کی شعری صورت ہے۔‘‘
نعت کے بارے میں ممتاز حسین کی رائے یوں ہے:
’’ہر وہ شے نعت ہے جس کا تاثر ہمیں حضورِ ؐرحمۃ للعالمیں کی ذات گرامی سے قریب لائے‘‘
’’ورفعناکی صدا ‘‘ میں اس عظیم ہستی کے اوصافِ حمیدہ بیان کیے گئے ہیں جن کی توصیف میںخود ربِ کائنات نے فرمایا’’ورفعنا لک ذکرک‘‘۔محبوبؐ خدا کا ذکر،چاہے درود کی صورت میں ہو یا نعت کی ،دراصل ورفعنالک ذکرک کی تفصیل ہے ۔
نعت کسبی نہیں وہبی ہے۔نعت کا شعر اس وقت ہی زبان کو معطر کرتا ہے جب دل حبِ مصطفیؐ سے لبریز ہو۔محمد عرفان علی خوش نصیب ہیں کہ ان کا نام بھی مقصودِ کائنات کے ثناخواں اور ثنا گو کی فہرست میں شامل ہے۔ خوب صورت شخصیت کے مالک ،عشقِ مصطفیؐ سے مالا مال ہیں۔نعت کی سعادت خدا کی خاص عطا ہے۔ اس لطف و کرم کے بارے میں محترم طالب حسین کوثری نے کہا ہے۔
ہر سخنور کو کہاں ہوتی ہے توفیقِ ثنا
ہاں مگر جس پر خصوصی ہو نِگاہِ مصطفیؐ
نعت کے لوازمات میں سے محبوبِؐ خدا سے والہانہ محبت بنیادی حیثیت رکھتی ہے۔جو شاعر جتنارسول ؐ خدا کی محبت سے سرشار ہو گا۔اس کے کلام میں اتنا ہی سرور و کیف زیادہ ہو گا۔جناب محمدعرفانؔ علی کی نعتوں میں جو کیف و سرور نظر آرہا ہے وہ محبت ِمصطفیؐ کا ہی ثمرہے۔ان کے دل میں آپؐ سے والہانہ محبت کا جذبہ پوری آب و تاب سے کار فرما ہے ۔یہ خاص نعمت ایک تو خدا کی دین ہے دوسرا ان کے والدِ محترم محمد حسین صاحب بھی...
Paper currency has remained controversial since its advent, until the majority of the modern scholars agreed that paper currency is just like gold and silver, and all the rules and provisions regarding the/of homogeneous and heterogeneous exchange of gold and silver are applicable to paper currency. This viewpoint is widely adopted by prominent modern-day international academies of Islamic Jurisprudence and the same has been preferred by the majority of contemporary scholars in their books, dissertations and scholarly articles. On the contrary, there is a different opinion of majority of the scholars in Indian sub-continent. The reason behind this was that the viewpoint of Ḥanafi school of thought about legal effective cause (᾽illat) of Ribā i.e. Weight is not found in paper currency, so the rules of Ṣarf (Exchange of gold and silver) are inapplicable. So, they opined that paper currency is like Fulūs (metal coins). Furthermore, to stop all the possible ways resulting to/in Ribā according to this opinion, they preferred the viewpoint of Imam Muhammad (R.A) regarding the metal coins and set some precautionary measures. However, the said standpoint has not been deliberated and contested in the contemporary jurisprudential research work as it deserved. This research aims to evaluate this viewpoint in detail, clarifying its roots and evidences while revealing its implications and comparing it with the view adopted by the majority of the contemporary scholars.
Heavy metals contamination of agriculture soil is an important ecological problem. Rapid growth of industrial sector and lack of proper disposal system of industrial wastes heavily loaded our soil with toxic metals possessing serious threat to all form of life. Present study was carried out to explore the bioremediation potential of two heavy metals resistant bacterial strains (Bacillus aerius and Bacillus cereus) isolated from heavy metals polluted soils of Hayatabad industrial estate, Peshawar (HIEP) and Gadoon industrial estate, Swabi (GIES) of Khyber-Pukhtoonkhwa, Pakistan, by assessing the biochemical and molecular processes occurs in spinach crop grown in that soil. Elemental study of the soils indicated that concentration of heavy metals in target areas were significantly higher than control i.e. (Pb= 98.33 in Gadoon and 65.08 mg/kg in Hayatabad > 0.4 mg/kg in control soil), (Cr=102.66 in Gadoon and 30.56 in Hayatabad > 2.78 mg/kg in control soil), (Cu=25.66 in Gadoon and 12.4 mg/kg in Hayatabad > 1.35 mg/kg in control soil), (Mn=839.66 in Gadoon and 753.43 mg/kg in Hayatabad > 28.9mg/kg in control soil), (Zn=47.33 in Gadoon and 22.56 mg/kg in Hayatabad > 0.04mg/kg in control soil. Diverse statistical tools like cluster analysis (HC) and principal component analysis (PCA), along with geo-statistical approches such as single pollution load index (SPI), ecological risk factor (Er), enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (I-geo) proved significant to moderate enrichment of heavy metals in the soil. Hence, this study indicates that the majority of toxic heavy metals contributed to soil pollution in the studied areas are coming from industrial and commercial activities. To explore the effect of heavy metals on lipid peroxidation in spinach associated with microbes (B. aerius and B. cereus) isolated from contaminated soils irrigated with industrial effluents of GIES and HIEP. The severity of the lipid peroxidation induced by heavy metals was determined by Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) contents, glycine betaine (GB), proline (Pro) contents, hydrogen per oxide (H2O2) contents, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll “a”, chlorophyll “b” and “carotenoids”, total soluble sugar (TSS), proteins (TP) contents, and cell viability (EC) estimation. Plants grown in heavy metals polluted soil showed significant reduction in chlorophyll “a”, chlorophyll “b”, carotenes, total soluble sugar and total proteins contents, whereas electrolyte contents, glycine betaine, proline, hydrogen peroxide and TBARS in terms of lipid peroxidation were increased. Seeds inoculated with microbes showed significant increase in photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugar and proteins contents whereas cell leakage, glycine betaine contents, proline, hydrogen peroxide contents and TBARS, confirmed decrease in oxidative stress produced by heavy metals. Plant physiological and biochemical attributes like germination percentage, seedling vigor, total nitrogen and proteins contents, metallothionein contents, stomata morphology and antioxidative metabolism associated with heavy metals resistance microbes (B. aerius and B. cereus) showed that heavy metals pollution significantly decrease seed germination, plant growth and vigor, total nitrogen and proteins contents, whereas significantly high metallothionein (MTs) and antioxidants enzymes were noted. Conversely, B. aerius and B. cereus species alleviated heavy metals induced reduction in plant biomass and improved seed germination, total nitrogen and proteins contents, reduced metallothionein and antioxidative enzymes. Furthermore Stomata microstructural alterations were significantly revived by bacterial strains. Results further revealed that plants inoculated with heavy metals resistant bacterial strains were efficient in heavy metals removal from polluted soil as compared to non-inoculated plants. Furthermore both heavy metals resistant strains inoculated plants showed high tolerance index (TI) and low bio-accumulation factor (BF) by comparing with non-inoculated crop ensuring restricted flow of heavy metals to plant system. Reverse Transcription of expressed genes revealed the stress response of two gene families Myeloblastosis (Myb) and Zinc-figure protein genes (Zat-12) in plants grown in contaminated soils. There was very low expression of Myb and Zat-12 genes i.e. 26 and 20%) in GIES soil and 15.78 and 10% in HIEP soil in bio-primed plants, while in non-bio primed plants these values were 100% in GIES soil and 31 and 80% in HIEP soil. It is therefore recommended that plant augmented with heavy metals resistant strains not only regulates the expression of stress inducible genes but also play a major role in the remediation of heavy metals affected agriculture soil.