قدیم سودی مالیاتی نظام کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Ontemporary modern interest-bearing financial system, “economicsystem”, has become an integral part and the prevalent system reflects that in the modern progressive era of growth where other arts have seen progress than in the old days the modern interest bearing system has become a part of the financial development. Interest in the present era has being understood as a direction for financial growth and development of economy hence in some way or the other been tried to be enforced in to the Islamic world such that it becomes a need and no country can live without. And the objectives of this interest bearing system can meet their targets. In Muslim countries minds that do not have deep commitment with Islamic teaching have been convinced in a way that in the ancient days this level of interest was not needed as in the present era. So, on the interest of present day “riba” can’t be applied whose prohibition is proved by Islamic law. The impression that interest is the need of modern times in ancient times to modern times thislevel of interest is not required, nor was there any specifically organized circle like today concept the financial system may be of interest not only if favor of contemporary practice in the present, but also an extremely ancient system was out there and have some evidence of old banking practices. This article, with the vividness of ancient religions, has proved that “interest” in antiquity is as same as of today. The form of interest and its impacts aren’t get changed by the change in ancient or current business practices. Interest is interest, whether it is found in ancient religions or at theadvent of Islam or even after that in the modern day. It embodies the same “riba” whose prohibition is proved in the Islamic sharia.

Modeling of the Nanofluids Thin Film Flow Problems over Stretching Surfaces With Analytical and Numerical Approach

In this work we concentrated on the modeling of the nanofluid thin film flow past a stretching surface with different physical parameters. These parameters of interest are discussed in brief in each chapter with its physical significance with solution techniques. Chapter one is an overview of the basic definitions and models. Classification of the fluid is presented with diagrams and some different physical phenomena are sketched with figures. The basic model equations for the description of the physical system are derived with its physical significance. A comprehensive note is presented on the nanofluid model for the thermal conductivity in the enhancement of heat. Hall effect is discussed with its mathematical relation to the momentum equation. Some basic models for non-Newtonian fluids are also presented. In conclusion to this chapter, the basic scheme of the solution technique is discussed. In chapter two we focus on the literature present for the next four chapters. Nanofluids are discussed in detail and work are done on the nanofluids is described over stretching surfaces. MHD flow with Hall effect is encircled with its mechanism and literature survey. Finally the concept of boundary-layer is presented for nanofluid from its literature point of view on stretching surfaces. In chapter three, thin film flow is modeled with the help of the Reiner-Philippoff fluid model. The physical problem is sketched in the form of the mathematical model which is further transformed into an ODEs system with its boundary restrictions. The effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis are studied over the Reiner-Philippoff fluid. The transformed model is solved by using HAM. The convergence of the implemented technique is presented in the form of tables. The impact of Nusselt number, Sherwood number and skin friction is presented over these profiles. Tables show the impact and efficiency of our implemented technique. In chapter four, different base fluids are used for viscous Titania nanofluid flow. A 3D flow of an electrically conducting fluid is considered over an inclined rotating surface. A magnetic filed id applied to the surface of the sheet. A similar approach we have used in chapter 3 is implemented. The reduced model is solved with the help of the numerical technique. The implemented technique is compared with the HAM results in the form of tables. The convergence of the technique is also presented by the graphs. The impact of different physical parameters are discussed over various state variables. In chapter five, the second grade viscoelastic MHD nanofluid flow past a vertical stretching sheet is assumed. The physical problem contains the entropy generation, mass transfer and heat transfer in the fluid flow. The gradient in concentration, thermophoresis and Brownian effects are considered in the flow. A physical problem is modeled and transformed with help of new dimensionless variables together with the boundary restrictions and is further solved with the help of HAM. The implemented technique convergence is shown by tables. The effect of various physical parameters is observed and analyzed over different profiles. In chapter six, a magnetic field is applied to a three dimensional geometry with a rotating disk over which a steady and viscous nanofluid flow is considered. The analysis of the fluid flow is carried out with consideration of the Casson fluid model. The fluid assumed to be electrically conducting. To reduce the complexity of the model, the system is transformed into less complex model by using the newly introduced dimensionless variables with its boundary restrictions. A numerical technique in comparison with HAM is used for the problem solution. Some physical important parameters are described in detail and its impact is analyzed over different state variable profiles. A comparative tabular survey for the numerical technique with HAM is presented. This tabular survey shows the reliability of our technique. Finally, in the last two chapters, the results obtained, and the papers published from this work is presented.