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امتِ مسلمہ پر حج کے اثرات: ایک جائزہ

Thesis Info

Author

راحیل فاطمہ

Supervisor

عبدالمجید

Program

MA

Institute

University of the Punjab

City

لاہور

Degree Starting Year

2002

Language

Urdu

Keywords

حج و عمرہ

Added

2023-02-16 17:15:59

Modified

2023-02-16 17:33:40

ARI ID

1676731748400

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کرشمے

اُس کی قدرت کے ہزار کرشمے
بنا ستوں کھڑا کیا آسماں جس نے

شب دن میں دن شب میں ڈھلتاہے
وہ جانے کتنے ہی رنگ بدلتا ہے

یہ پہاڑ بھی اُس کی طاقت کا نشاں ہیں
کہ اس کی قدرت کی حد تو بے بیاں ہے

بحروں کی اتھاہ گہرائیوں میں بھی
اپنی بنائی مخلوق پالتا ہے

کبھی پانیوں کو فلک سے گراتا ہے
تو کبھی زمیں سے اُچھالتا ہے

ننھے سے بیج کے سینے سے
کیسے تن آور شجر نکالتا ہے

زمیں کا سینہ چیرتے ہوئے
آتش فشاں بھی تو بنائے اُس نے

اپنے قادر ہونے کے
کتنے ہی نشاں دکھائے اس نے

ناممکن سی شے تعریف اس کے ایک گُن کی ہے
کہ اس کے نزدیک تو بات کن فیکون کی ہے

جب وہ رب یہ سب معجزے دکھا سکتا تھا
اک ادنیٰ سا کرشمہ اور بھی تو دکھا سکتا تھا
وہ تجھے میرا بھی تو بنا سکتا تھا

نسخ القرآن و نسخ کتاب مقدس

Technically, Naskh refers to the abrogation of a religious ruling through another religious ruling involving commands and prohibitions, and, the abrogation being either through a Qur’anic statement, Hadith, or consensus of the Ummah. There can be, and has not been, abrogation of a spiritual matter, moral, historical, exhorting statements, doctrinal, or Allah's attributes. Allah said We do not abrogate a verse, or cause it to be forgotten, but substitute with one better than it or similar to it. Do you not know that Allah has power over everything?” (Al Baqarah: 106). Naskh involves two elements: naasikh (the abrogating one), and mansukh (the abrogated one). This is an important discipline for those who attempt deeper understanding of the Qur’an. There were several points of wisdom behind abrogation in early Islam. For centuries, human societies lived a certain kind of life: closer to beastly than human. Their situation could only be changed gradually. That required allowing certain things in the early stages of change and development, to be disallowed later.

Application of Evolutionary Pplications Computing Techniques to Non-Linear Ing Systems

This dissertation presents an application of heuristic computational intelligence for the solution of non-linear systems in engineering. The design scheme is comprised of mathematical model based on feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN). The linear combination of these networks defines the unsupervised error for the system. The most suitable weights to minimize the error are obtained by training the networks employing stochastic solvers. These techniques are based on nature inspired heuristics including Pattern Search (PS), Simulated Annealing (SA), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms. Rapid local convergent algorithms such as Interior Point (IP) and Active Set (AS) methods are hybridized with these global search techniques. To validate the scheme, a number of linear and non-linear initial and boundary value problems have been solved. The design methodology is also applied to a number of problems having special applications in engineering including, singular systems based on non-linear Lane Emden Fowler equation, non-linear van der Pol oscillator with stiff and non-stiff conditions and systems with high nonlinearity governed by Painlevé transcendent I. In addition to that, the scheme also provides an alternate solution for biomedical application like model of heart for low, high and normal blood pressure. It is found that the proposed results are in good agreement with available exact solution and numerical solvers like Adomian decomposition method, Homotopy Perturbation method, Homotopy analysis method and Optimal Homotopy asymptotic method, ODE15i and Runge Kutta method. The comparative studies of stochastic solvers are carried out under a stringent criterion of accuracy, effectiveness, reliability and robustness of the results based on Monte Carlo simulation and its analysis. The solvers based on SA, PS, GA, PSO, GA and PSO hybrid with IP or AS algorithms are used for optimization of neural network. It is found that the GA-IP, GA-AS, PSO-IP and PSO-AS algorithms are the best stochastic optimizers. The other perk up of the scheme have in its simplicity of the concept, ease in use, efficiency and unlike other numerical techniques, it provides the solution on continuous inputs with finite interval instead of predefine discrete grid of inputs.