چاند چہرے پہ یہ جو زلف سنوارے ہوئے ہیں
میری آنکھوں کے سبھی نقش اتارے ہوئے ہیں
تجھ کو دیکھا ہے تو پھر دان کیا آنکھوں کو
ہم نے جاناں یوں ترے صدقے اتارے ہوئے ہیں
باندھ رکھا ہے اسی بات نے تیرے در سے
تیرے ہونٹوں نے مرے نام پکارے ہوئے ہیں
مجھ سے کل کہتی تھی اک دھند میں لپٹی ہوئی شام
وہ تمھارے ہیں، تمھارے ہیں، تمھارے ہوئے ہیں
تجھ سے مل کر تھے زمانے بھی ہمارے ہمدم
بعد تیرے ہمیں بے انت خسارے ہوئے ہیں
چاند تکتا ہے اسے ٹکٹکی باندھے شب کو
پائوں اس نے یہ جو ندیا میں اتارے ہوئے ہیں
اس کی پوروں سے جو ٹکرائی تھی شبنم سی ہوا
شب ہوئی اور وہ قطرے سے ستارے ہوئے ہیں
کاش اک بار غزل سننے کو آئے وہ فضاؔ
اور میں کہہ دوں سبھی شعر تمھارے ہوئے ہیں
The enlightened and moderated teachings of Islam empowered every one of the human society, specially the woman who used to be much oppressed in all civilizations of the world before emergence of Islam. Islam gave them an elevated status in all over the world in the status of mother, sisters, daughter and wife. It declared null and void the ignorance rules against them and, prohibited their sexual exploitation. Moreover, Islam gave a regular system of nikkah and marriages for women. The holy Prophet peace be upon him declared nikkah and marriage as his Sunnah and kept its procedure very simple. Furthermore, he described marriage as a gigantic source of achieving chastity, but today in Pakistan the marriages have been made very complex and costly because of the unIslamic customs and traditions. Those unIslamic customs became the part and parcel of the Pakistani marriages which not only made nikkah and marriage a difficult task but also devastated the economic, social and the religious life of Muslims. The Pakistani marriages are conducted with such customs of Mehndi, big congregations: Bharat, beating drums and singing songs. The article briefly discusses status of mirages in the pre Islamic era, Islamic concept and importance of nikkah and the new customs practiced in Pakistani marriages and their economic, social and religious impacts by best use of old and new resources.
Some novel biodegradable polymer composites were synthesized, using polyolefin as a matrix with various natural polymers including chitosan, starch and carboxymethyl cellulose as biodegradable additives. The compatibility of the components was enhanced with different silane coupling agents. The materials were heat mixed in brabender plasti- corder mixer using roller rotor. During mixing, different temperatures were used to mix and decompose the initiator to start the grafting of silane and crosslinking of the polymer. The blended materials were hot pressed into sheets. The hydrolysis and the condensation reactions of silane were carried out in hot water at 95°C for 20 hours. After crosslinking reactions, the prepared sheets were dried in vacuum oven for 16 hours before characterization. The structural analysis of the non-crosslinked and crosslinked composites was carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques. The crosslinking reaction was confirmed by FTIR spectra, which revealed the important absorption peaks of siloxane (Si-O-Si) and Si-O-C bonds. SEM images also revealed that crosslinking has improved the dispersion and interaction between polymer and the additives. The degree of crosslinking as determined by gel content analysis was found to be directly proportional to the amount of chitosan in HDPE/chitosan composite. In LLDPE/starch/sepiolite composite, it decreased with high sepiolite loading. Thermogravimetric analysis showed higher thermal stability of the crosslinked composites. Differential scanning calorimetry showed decreasing trend of percentage crystallinity with increasing amount of additive. This behavior is associated to the network structure and the disorder of close packing of polyethylene chains. Rheological studies of crosslinked composites showed linear viscoelastic behavior with high complex viscosities (h*) and dynamic shear storage moduli (G`) reflecting a strong interaction between matrix-filler interphase and the elastic nature of the crosslinked samples. High tensile strength (TS) and reduced elongation at break (Eb) values were observed in all the crosslinked samples of HDPE/chitosan and HDPE/carboxymethyl cellulose composites. However, the TS and Eb values of non-crosslinked and crosslinked formulations for LLDPE/starch/sepiolite composite showed decreasing trends with high starch and sepiolite loading. Creep experiments indicated a small deformation in crosslinked composites, which showed that silane effectively coupled the immiscible components.