رعمیسس دوم
دکتور محمود رعمیسس دوم کی دولت کی جمع آوری سے زیادہ پیسے کے بہائو کے قائل تھے ۔ جس طرح مغل بادشاہوں نے برصغیر کا پیسہ برصغیر ہی میں عبادت گاہیں ،سرائے اور فلاحی عمارتیں قائم کر کے لگایا بالکل اسی طرح رعمیسس دوم نے پر شکوہ عمارات اور بڑے بڑے ہال بنوائے، اقصور کے معبد خانے کو وسعت دی ۔دریائے نیل کے کنارے پر بڑا مقبرہ تعمیر کرایا ، ابو سمبل میں عظیم اور سنگین عبادت گاہ قائم کی اور پوری ریاست میں اپنے دیو قامت مجسمے راستوں اور چوراہوںکی زینت بنوائے ۔دورانِ گفتگو دکتور محمود نے ایک قوی ہیکل مجسمے کے پائوں کی چھوٹی انگلی پر ہاتھ رکھا اور کہنے لگے یہ مجسمہ بھی انہی میں سے ایک ہے ۔محمود کی پوری ہتھیلی اس چھوٹی انگلی پر ایک چھوٹے نشان کے برابر دکھ رہی تھی ۔
معروف تاریخ دان ہیر ڈوٹس رعمیسس دوم اور اس کے بیٹے منفتاح کی طاقت اور قوت کا تخمینہ اور ان کے زوال کے اسباب گنواتے ہوئے لکھتے ہیں کہ مصر میں صرف ایک انسانی قوت نے ان دونوں فراعین پر فوقیت حاصل کی اور وہ قوت تھی مذہبی طبقہ ۔تاریخ میں کسی بھی دوسری جگہ کی طرح یہاں بھی ریاست اور مذہبی اکابرین کے درمیان اختیارات اور دولت کے حصول کی نہ ختم ہو نے والی رسہ کشی جاری رہی جنگوں اور مفتوحہ علاقوں سے وصول شدہ مالِ غنیمت اور جزیوں کا کثیر حصہ معبدوں اور پروہتوں کو ملتا ۔
رعمیسس دوم کے زمانے تک طاقت اور دولت کی فروانی اوج ِ کمال کو پہنچی ۔اس زمانے میں ان کے غلاموںکی تعداد ایک لاکھ ستر ہزار کے لگ بھگ تھی جو اس وقت مصری آبادی کا تیسواں حصہ بنتا تھا ۔ساڑھے سات لاکھ ایکڑ زرعی زمین اور...
Translations have a prominent role in the advancement of science and literature for any people. By which sciences and arts move from the literature of one nation to the literature of another nation, in which sciences and arts flourish, and a nation becomes acquainted with the literature of another nations. Translation is an independent art, as it depends on creativity, linguistic sense and the ability to bring cultures closer, and it enables all mankind to communicate and benefit from each other's experiences. It is an art as old as written literature. Translation is a cultural necessity and an intellectual activity, and it extends bridges of communication between civilizations that converge and diverge among themselves, and their languages are similar and differ in ways of expression and methods of statement and expression of ideas, feelings and attitudes, and in the worldview and understanding of its concepts. There is no doubt that translation it is a complex linguistic process that requires lengthy anchors, as the queen of the two tongues is acquired only by a lot of practice, in addition to the systematic study of the mechanisms of transmission from one tongue to another. We also see in the modern era that the Arab Scientific Academy in Damascus, the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo and the Iraqi Scientific Academy have a clear and prominent role in the advancement of Arabic sciences and literature. The Scientific Academy in Damascus has established the Arabic language and its terminology, and the language of bureaucracies, in particular, with the help of authors and translators in particular, and the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo, which has made efforts in developing the great linguistic lexicon and terminology of modern sciences.
An Analysis of English Translation of Khushhal Khan Khattak's Poetry The present study investigates the verse to verse translation of Khushhal Khan Khattak's poetry. The source text (ST) comprises of eight selected Pashto poems from the Diwan of Khushhal Khan Khattak. The translation is done into English by Olaf Caroe in collaboration with Evely Howell. The study explores the relationship between the original text and the translation in terms of equivalence which is the core concept in translation studies. It focuses on identification of the norms of translational equivalence observed in the actual practice of translation. It explores as to what extent the form and content of the original text is reproduced /transferred in the translation. The study identifies whether the translators truly understand the source text and are able to convey the author's point of view or they take liberties to adapt the translation to the linguistic and cultural system of the target audience at the expense of deviating from the intent and meaning of the original. As the nature of the study demands, the research method is based on hermeneutics which is an interpretive framework in translation studies. The analytical framework is based on Nida's principles of formal and dynamic equivalence which provide the ground for analysis of translation at both textual and extra textual levels. The study examines how the different, social, cultural and linguistic factors affect the process/ product of translation in terms of its adequacy and accuracy. Moreover, it also focuses on how far the translators' own ideologies and personal prejudices are influential in guiding them in making addition, deletion and adaptation in the source text. And, it tries to identify how far the translation carries the sense and spirit of the original. After analysing the poems it has been found that the translation exhibits equivalence at those places where the text of English translation and Pashto exhibit universal features common to both the languages. However, it has also been found that the poet's feelings, thoughts and ideology, in addition to the social and cultural context in which the poems were produced, have not been transferred in the translation. Consequently, equivalence in verse to verse translation has not been successfully achieved. The analysis has shown that the sense and spirit of the original is partially conveyed in the translation.