خطبات ِ استفہامیہ کے اسرار و حکم و امثال
قرآن مجید میں کثیر آیاتِ مبارکہ ہیں جن میں استفہامیہ اندازِ خطاب اپنایا گیا ہے ۔ چونکہ قرآنِ مجید کا یہ اعجاز ہے کہ اس میں بہت سے اسرار و رموز چھپے ہیں جو کہ گرائمر اور علوم و فنون کے اعتبار سے مختلف ہیں۔ لہذا فصل ہذا میں قرآن مجید سےحروف ِ استفہامیہ اور اسمائے استفہامیہ پر مشتمل آیات کو نقل کیا جائے گا اور تفسیری اسرار و حکم کو بیان کیا جائے گا۔
Human cloning has emerged as a new and innovative technology in the reproductive and therapeutic science in the recent past. So far it has not been practiced over human beings but owing to its huge potential and possible scope, it has attracted the attention of not only the masses (particularly the infertile couples and LGBTQs etc) but the other stakeholders including the religious scholars from worlds’ prominent religions have given their views on this technology in order to guide their followers. This paper examines and reviews the religious points of view on human cloning. For this purpose, three Semitic religions in the world i-e Judaism, Christianity, and Islām have been examined. As far as Islam is concerned, this portion has been divided into two broad sections elaborating the Shī‘ah and Sunnī schools’ opinions. Being an innovative topic, the religious teachings do not address it directly hence the injunctions related to the reproduction are most relevant to it. Three Semitic religions have been examined from the perspective of admissibility or non-admissibility of human cloning, the rationale behind the verdict on human cloning and the possible solutions to the issues and problems faced by the followers in the case of acceptance or rejection of this biomedical technology. Most of the religions emphasize over adaptability of the natural mode of reproduction only, where male and female genders contribute to the reproductive cycle. The Semitic religions reject the reproductive cloning generally. The religious experts need to conduct more focused and updated research before coming to any conclusion about the permissibility or non-permissibility of this technique.
Nanostructures/(CuTl) 0.5 Ba 2 Ca n-1 Cu n O (2n+4)–δ , {CuTl-12(n-1)n}; n = 3, 4} superconducting composites were synthesized by solid-state reaction (SSR) technique and their superconducting behavior was examined by different available experimental techniques. Anti-ferromagnetic chromium (Cr) nanoparticles (NPs), ferromagnetic cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni) NPs, non-magnetic zinc (Zn) NPs and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of different wt. % have been inserted in CuTl-12(n-1)n; n = 3, 4 superconducting matrices and their effects on the structure, morphology and composition was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The transport properties and magnetic field response were explored by restivity versus temperature (RT) measurements with the help of four point probe method and ac-susceptibility (χ ac ) measurements, respectively. The experimental data was further analyzed theoretically by different models such as Aslamazov-larkin (AL), Lawrence-Donaich (LD) and Maki-Thompson(MT) models. It has been observed that the inclusion of different nanostructures (NS) in polycrystalline CuTl-12(n-1)n; n= 3, 4 superconducting matrices do not change their tetragonal structure and stichoimetry. Increasing concentrations of magnetic NPs (Cr, Co,Ni) additions in host CuTl-12(n-1)n}; n= 3, 4 superconducting matrices reduce the diamagnetic strength and superconducting volume fraction and cause suppression in characteristic superconducting parameters. The suppression of superconducting parameters after addition of these magnetic NPs can be accredited to spin scattering of carriers due to net magnetic moment, which tend to remain align in particular blocked state and oxygen disorder in superconducting regions. Non-magnetic Zn and CNTs also diminish superconductivity because of enhanced carrier scattering cross section at inter- crystallite sites. Theoretical fluctuation induced conductivity (FIC) analysis confirm the suppression of superconducting characteristic parameters by these NS inclusions in CuTl- 12(n-1)n}; n= 3, 4 superconducting matrices. Decrease in coherence length (ξ), increase in penetration depth (λ p.d ) and shifting of 3D regions towards lower temperature values illustrate the increased insulation at grain-boundaries and decrease in optimum charge carriesr density after addition of these NS in CuTl-12(n-1)n}; n= 3, 4 superconducting matrices