1۔ حدِ زنا
زنا کا لغوی و اصطلاحی مفہوم
زنا کثیر المعنی لفظ ہے ۔ اس کا ایک معنی ہے، عظیم ، بلند، چنانچہ ابن فارس تحریر کرتے ہیں
"الزاء والنون والحرف المعتل لا تتضايف، ولا قياس فيها لواحدةٍ على أخرى. فالأوَّل الزِّنَى، معروف. ويقال إنّه يمدّ ويقصر. یقال أبا حاضِرٍ مَنْ يَزْنِ يُعرَف زنَاؤُهُ ۔ "71
"زنا کا اصل زا ء اور نون اور آخر میں ی معتل ہے اس میں کسی اور چیز کا اضافہ نہیں ہوسکتا اور اس میں ایک کو دوسرے پر قیاس نہیں کیا جا سکتا ۔ اس میں پہلا مادہ زَنَی َ ہے اور یہی معروف ہے اور یہ مدہ اور قصر دونوں کے ساتھ پڑھا جا سکتا ہے جیسے کہا جاتا ہے کہ وہ ایسا بلند مرتبہ شخص ہے جس کا عظیم مرتبت ہونا مشہور ہے۔ "
زنا حرام کا م ہے اور عظیم گناہوں میں ایک گناہ ہے ۔ ابن قدامہ نے زنا کو عظیم اور بڑا گناہ کہا ہے
"الزنا حرام وهو من الكبائر العظام ۔"72
زنا کا ایک معنی ہے گھر والے سے بغاوت کرنے والی عورت ،جیسا کہ ابن منظور لکھتےہیں
"الزِّنا يمد ويقصر زَنَى الرجلُ يَزْني زِنىً مقصور وزناءً ممدود وكذلك المرأَة وزانى مُزاناةً وزَنَّى كَزَنى... والمرأَة تُزانِي مُزاناةً وزِناء أَي تُباغِي۔ "73
"زنا مدہ اور قصر کے ساتھ پڑھا جا سکتا ہے" زَنَى الرجلُ يَزْني زِنىً" یہ مقصور ہے اور "وزناءً " یہ ممدود ہے اور اسی طرح عورت کے بارے میں ہے کہ زانیہ عورت یعنی اپنے گھر والے کے حق میں بغاوت کرنے والی ہے۔ "
بغیر نکاح کے کسی غیر عورت سے ہم بستری کرنا زنا کہلاتا ہے اور امام راغب اصفہانی کے بقول زنا
"الزنا وطءُ المراۃمن غیر عقد شرعی۔ "74
"عقد شرعی کے بغیر کسی عورت سے ہم بستری کرنا ہے۔ "
اصطلاحی مفہوم یہ ہے کہ...
The crime of theft if committed in unavoidable circumstances like extreme hunger or famine, Hadd punishment shall remain suspended. A crime of Zina if committed in a situation where the life of a woman is in danger because of hunger or thirst and she committed Zina to acquire food items or drinking water to save her life, she will be exonerated from the charges of Zina. In the light of Quranic injunctions, the punishment of a slave girl, if she committed Zina, is half as compare to independent women and the punishment for the wives of the Holy Prophet for committing the crime of fawahish or disobedience (Nushuz), is double as compare to other women. 4. Contrary to this principle, if a respectable person committed crimes under Tazir, he deserves lesser punishment or mere admonition in the light of tradition of the Holy Prophet: (Pardon the wrong done by the nobles of the society”.5. For awarding the punishment of Rajm, if the condition of Ihsan is fulfilled, he/she will be killed by stoning. According to Shiah Imamiah, Allama Rasheed Raza and others, when a person who is once married but due to divorce or separation, is living alone or miles away from his wife and not in a position to enjoy her company. If such person committed Zin┐, he or she will not be awarded the punishment of stoning.6. In the light of tradition, it is not allowed to award death punishment except the following three circumstances. Firstly, if a person, being a Mohsan, committed Zina, . Secondly, after accepting Islam, if a person converted to other religion. Thirdly, death punishment can be awarded in retaliation of murder committed
Pulping of non-wood raw materials available in abundance by Kraft, soda and chemi-thermo-mechanical processes produces good quality pulp in short processing time. As these process involve less chemical doses hence the present research work was designed for the chemical recovery from the black liquors to make the waste environment friendly. In the first step of the chemical recovery of the effluents, series of experiments were conducted to determine behavior and chemistry of this straw based black liquors. Chemical composition of the chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping black liquor was determined by fractional and composite sample analysis which showed extensively low dry solids and physical and chemical properties of the black liquor tend to vary with organic to inorganic ratio of the solid contents. In the second step of the chemical recovery, desilication of the black and green liquors obtained from the chemi-thermo-mechanical pulping was conducted through the pH reduction by carbonation (80%) and sulphuric acid (85%). The green liquor sludge was found to be extremely high in COD, BOD with high reduction value. Sodium (95%) and sulphur (97%) were recovered from the sludge on dilution and addition of coagulating polymers. Second part of this thesis discusses treatment of the black liquor by chemical and/or microbiological means. In the chemical treatment process some flocculating and coagulating chemicals were employed. Addition of 200ppm alum, Buflok polymer 5425 (Buckmans) and setting of two hours yielded 82% COD reduction and solids in the range of 292ppm. Increase of alum to 1,000ppm and polymer dose of only 1ppm yielded similar results. The treatment of black liquor with hydrogen peroxide, ferric chloride, polyaluminium chloride (PAC), other 12flocculating polymers like HMW 110, HMW 130 by GEBetz and 8086 by BALCO gave no appreciable results. Activated sludge treatment was then employed to reduce the BOD of the black liquors in a series of experiments and the sludge yielded 50-60% reduction in COD, 60-65% reduction in BOD, 80-90% reduction in suspended solids and 58- 60% reduction in total solid contents. Isolation and characterization of the micro- organisms from the activated sludge was also carried out. Results showed that the degradation activity of the activated sludge was high after 12 hours and was at peak after 24 hours of aeration because enzyme activity was maximum at this stage. Finally a combination of activated sludge and chemical treatment was designed which produced reducation of 90-95% in COD, 90-95% in BOD. Suspended solids and dissolved solids were within the National Environment Quality Standard (NEQ’s) limits.