Memorization Without Comprehension: A Window onto the ‘Extremities’ of the Capability of Human Brain

Muslims across the world memorize the Quran in Arabic for verbatim recall. Memorizers can be native speakers of Arabic, non-native speakers of Arabic, or non-Arabic speakers. The purpose of this study is to investigate expert Quran memorizers on their memorization practices including what they brought to the act of memorization and what, according to them, underlay their success in memorization. Ten memorizers were interviewed about their reflections on their memorization practices. The analysis reveals that while some practices of the Quran memorizers are in line with findings from research literature on memory, there are others which are peculiar to them. The conclusion drawn is that Quran memorizers recite accurately because they do not learn the language. It is further concluded that Quran memorization is a special case, in which a range of extra linguistic factors such as identity, motivation and intention play an important role.

Modeling and Numerical Simulations of Some Fractional Nonlinear Viscoelastic Flow Problems

Modeling of viscoelastic flows in terms of fractional calculus is an inquisitive area in engineering and industry. The physical models with fractional operators in nonNewtonian fluid mechanics represent more realistic behavior of flows involving nonlinear complex dynamics. The efficiency is because of freedom to choose derivative of any order in the mathematical formulation of the flows. Non-integer derivatives are important for the systems having hereditary behavior as they depend on the past conditions along with the local conditions. Viscoelastic fluids keep memory of old deformations and their behavior is related to these deformations. The fractional derivatives are more adequate in predicting the characteristics of viscoelastic fluids than the ordinary derivatives. In literature linear flow problems, with non-integer derivatives are solved by classical transforms methods. Unfortunately, most of the viscoelastic fluids unlike Newtonian fluids, are not characterized by only one relation. Mathematical equations, for the viscoelastic fluid flows are highly nonlinear in nature. In most of situations, highly nonlinear PDEs cannot be solved exactly, by existing techniques. Literature survey indicates, that appropriate consideration is not given to the numerical solutions, of anomalous nonlinear flow problems with noninteger derivatives. In this study, we have modeled the viscoelastic flow problems via fractional calculus approach and considered numerical techniques using finite difference approximations along with ”L1 algorithm”to discretize non-integer derivatives of time and finite element, discretization is used for space variables, in order to solve the governing fractional viscoelastic models. Finally we have predicted the behavior of viscoelastic fluids that can be used directly for the simulations of industrial processes.